International Law and Non-Renewable Natural Resources - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2831 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The international laws governing the non-renewable natural resources of the continental shelf and the deep seabed Introduction In an age of growing mineral scarcity, we are now turning to the non-renewable resources of the seabed as an alternative to land-based reserves. At present the global consumption of fossil fuels exceeds 80 million barrels of crude oil a day (Lamb 2008), and given that the ocean covers 71% of Earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s surface, most of these reserves are underwater. Consequently, with the depletion of land-based reserves and economic vulnerability arising from a dependency on foreign oil (Groves 2011), the petroleum industry has set out to exploit the untold, vast resources of the deep seabed (Wilson 1982). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Law and Non-Renewable Natural Resources" essay for you Create order In response to a growing interest in deep-sea resources, the question of who has a right to exploit these resources and to what extent can these rights be enjoyed was raised in the Third United Nations Conference of the Law of the Sea convened in 1973 (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). With over 160 nations, the conference finally came to an end in 1982 and the resulting convention was enforced in 1994. The convention introduced a number of new provisions, the most significant being the delimitation of maritime zones. However, UNCLOS also established a legal regime to control the exploitation of mineral resources of the deep sea-bed outside of national jurisdiction, where the convention expressly conferred the International Seabed Authority (ISA) power to regulate all activities therein (Ribeiro 2013). In the space of just a few years, the deep-sea has emerged as a key source of new reserves, such that offshore production of petroleum and gas now account for 6 percent of global prod uction as of 2013.Yet, the exploitation of deep-sea non-renewable resources is not solely limited to oil and gas. With growing exploration of the deep seafloor, many types of non-renewable mineral-rich resources have been discovered, and their formation, occurrence, and economic viability will be discussed in greater detail. This report describes the economically valuable non-renewable resources of the deep seabed, the laws governing their exploitation, and a historical perspective on the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ objection to Part XI of UNCLOS. Classification of natural resources In maritime law, the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"resourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ describes the potential for materials to occur, while à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reservesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are proven deposits of known abundance and volume (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Thus, offshore resource estimates described in this study are not a definitive assessment of total reserves available for exploitation (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Nevertheless, it is important to distinguish resource type because they can differ significantly in their conservation and exploitation regimes; UNCLOS operates specifically within the context of renewable and non-renewable natural resources. A renewable resource is that which can be naturally replaced or replenished, either through biological reproduction or naturally occurring processes. However, these resources are susceptible to depletion through overexploitation. Another type consists of renewable energy resources; these sources are continuously available and not noticeably affected by human consumption and include solar, geothermal, and wind power. A non-renewable resource is that which exists in a limited supply and its rate of replenishment is insufficient to offset economic extraction in a meaningful time-frame. One example is carbon-based fossil fuel, as their rate of formation through geological and biological processes is extremely slow, occurring over mil lions of years. Consequently, resources from an exploitation perspective are classified as renewable when their rate of recovery exceeds that of consumption, while the opposite holds true for non-renewable resources. Classification of mineral resources of the deep seabed Offshore exploitation has become increasingly feasible through technological advances and the main types of mineral deposits with economic value occurring on or beneath the deep seafloor include: placer deposits, polymetallic sulphides (PMS), manganese nodules and crusts, and hydrocarbon (petroleum and gas) deposits (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). These non-renewable resources have a long term formation period and occur mainly through natural geological, chemical, and hydrological processes. Marine placer deposits Placer deposits are accumulations of heavy metallic minerals and gemstones that form as a result of gravity separation during sedimentary processes and form mostly in high-energy environments, in cluding wave, river, and tidal motion (Murton 2000, Unies and marins 2004). These minerals can contain economically important elements including: tin, titanium, zirconium, chromium, iron, barium, and gold. The principle gemstone is diamond (Unies and marins 2004). During the last glacial period, (18,000 ya), the sea level dropped by almost 120 meters and fluvial (river) placers extended to the present-day continental shelf(Murton 2000). But with subsequent sea level rises, most of these deposits became buried with sediment and now make up the marine placer deposits of commercial interest. However, given that placer minerals are generally confined to locations near their fluvial source, most of these deposits typically fall within the Exclusive Economic Zone of coastal states and are under national jurisdiction (Murton 2000). Polymetallic sulphides (PMS) These deposits are large bodies of ore containing high concentrations of base and precious metals, including: copper, zinc, l ead, gold, and silver. With seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, PMS formation is associated with the increased hydrothermal and volcanic activity at these regions (Murton 2000). Consequently, PMS deposits are found along most major tectonic plate boundaries(Murton 2000). Hydrothermal fluid seeps into chambers under the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s crust and are heated by the molten rock. The metal-laden water is discharged from the black smokers into the water column at high temperatures (400 °C). As the plume mixes with cold seawater, the metal sulphides precipitate on to the chimneys and surrounding seafloor, where they form large deposits ranging from thousands to 100 million tonnes (ISA 2008). Despite their great depth (in excess of 2,500m) and remote offshore locations (Murton, Parson et al. 2001), these deposits have attracted the interest of the mining industry and exploration has begun. As of 2013, Nautilus Minerals is the first commercial operator granted a mining le ase for PMS deposits, and is currently exploring high grade copper-gold deposits in the territorial waters and EEZ of Papua New Guinea (ISA 2008). Manganese nodules and crusts During the expeditions of the British Oceanographic Ship HSM Challenger (1872-1876), manganese nodules were discovered on the deep seabed in most oceans of the world (King 1981, Murton, Parson et al. 2001). These nodules can range in diameter from millimetres to tens of centimetres and are formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese around a core (Murton 2000). They contain economically valuable concentrations of manganese, copper, nickel, and cobalt (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Several processes are involved in the formation of nodules, the most prevalent being: the hydrogenous and biogenic precipitation of metals, the diagenetic transformation of sedimentary rock, and the deposition of metal-rich sediment from continental erosion (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Although these processes can occur c oncurrently during the formation of a single nodule, they grow at a rate of one molecular layer every three months, making it one of the slowest geological processes known to man occurring over millions of years (ISA 2008 cob). Manganese crusts are formed through the precipitation of minerals on to the flanks and summits of seamounts, ridges, and plateaus and can form layers up to 25 centimetres thick (ISA 2008). Overall, manganese nodules and crusts cover an estimated 2 % of the seafloor (6.35 million km2) and can achieve high densities, with an average of 10kg/m2 in areas of the Central Pacific (Murton 2000, ISA 2008). Manganese nodules and crusts are a significant source in cobalt, an economically important metal used in super-alloys, solar cells, conductors, laser systems, and fuel cells (ISA 2008). Their abundance, composition, and occurrence as loose material on the seafloor, make nodules and crusts an attractive incentive for mining (Murton 2000). The global resource of m anganese nodules may contain upwards of 150 billion tonnes (King 1981), with an estimated cobalt value of 12,000 trillion US dollars, using 2001 raw commodity prices (Murton 2000). Deep seabed resources: a historical perspective Before World War II, coastal states had national sovereignty and jurisdiction over territorial waters, which extended three nautical miles[1] from the shore as a form of customary law (Carter et al. 2007). Yet, no consensus had been reached regarding national jurisdiction over resources of the seabed beyond territorial seas. When the Challenger discovered manganese nodules in the late 19th century, the doctrine of res nullius applied; such that the resources of the seabed belonged to no one and could be subject to state appropriation (King, 1981). However, with the potential for commercial activity and offshore resource development in subsequent years, the process to claim greater seabed territory had begun. In 1945, President Truman issued Proclamatio n 2667, which asserted U.S. rights to explore and exploit resources of the seabed outside of the three nautical mile limit. This proclamation essentially stated that the resources of the seabed and subsoil of the continental shelf were exclusively US property. Other nations followed suit, which resulted in a customary law of the continental shelf later codified with UNCLOS I in 1958 (Shackelford, 2009). At this time, developing countries had a monopoly over land based mineral suppliers, where the biggest sources of cobalt were coming out of the mines in Zaire and Zambia (Wilson, 1982). The United States on the other hand relied heavily on foreign sources and had to import cobalt, manganese, and nickel to meet their industrial needs. Consequently, with the growing realization that mineral resources were finite, the seabed beyond the continual shelf gartered newfound attention by developed nations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" particularly the cobalt-rich manganese nodules of the deep seabed. Nevertheless, competing with the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ desire to reduce its dangerous dependence on foreign and politically unstable mineral sources, were the desire of developing countries to assure equitable access to the resources of the deep seabed as a method of alleviating their perceived economic imbalances (Wilson, 1982). A consensus began to develop among the international community that the deep seabed and its resources should be subject to the doctrine of res communis: belonging to all (King, 1981). As the US began to claim areas of the seabed for exploitation, newly independent developing countries were becoming a powerful force influencing international relations. As their numbers increased, so did their demands for an equitable approach to global natural resources, and in light of the technological advances possessed by the United States, they sought to keep industrialized countries from monopolizing the deep seabed (Guntrip, 2003; Shackelford, 2009). Nev ertheless, the controversy as to which policy should control the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed essentially remained unresolved (King, 1981). Under the doctrine res communis, the Maltese ambassador Arvid Pardo believed an effective international regime was necessary to govern the deep seabed; one which would take into account the needs and interests of developing nations and also that of future generations (Guntrip, 2003; Shackelford, 2009). As a result, Pardo proposed that the deep seabed should be declared a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Common Heritage of Mankindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  during the twenty-second General Assembly of the United Nations (1967). Reaction to the proposal was mixed; developing nations endorsed the CHM principle, while developed nations like the United States rejected it (Guntrip, 2003). While deliberating, the General Assembly drafted a number of resolutions regarding the resources of the deep seabed including the Moratorium Resolution[2] and the Declarat ion of Principles[3]. Adopted in 1969, the Moratorium Resolution banned all activities pertaining to the deep seabed until an international regime was established. However, developed nations -particularly the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom opposed the moratorium provisions, believing it would jeopardize their many offshore mining investments (Guntrip, 2003). Being neither a member of UNCLOS I (1958) or UNCLOS II (1960), the United States viewed the resolution as a recommendation, not an obligation, and did not consider itself legally bound by the moratorium (Guntrip, 2003; King, 1981). The Declaration of Principles, adopted in 1970, attempted to outline the rules governing the use of the deep seabed and was met with little opposition. It acknowledged that the existing laws of the sea treaties did not provide adequate legal regimes for the exploration and exploitation of the seabed (citation). In addition, the resolution declared the deep seabed a common heritage of mankind and beyond state appropriation (citation). Laws of the Seas Treaty The debate over offshore mining served as an impetus for the third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (1982) and the establishment of the International Seabed Authority (1994) under Part XI of the convention. The primary purpose of UNCLOS III was to establish legal regimes that would regulate the exploration and exploitation of all renewable and non-renewable resources of the high seas and the seabed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Areaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  beyond national jurisdiction. Held from 1973 to 1982, the convention ultimately resulted in the adoption of 320 articles, with the overall participation of 160 nations. UNCLOS is considered by some to be the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“constitution of the oceanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Groves, 2011) and it effectively defines the rights and responsibilities of all member nations and covers all ocean-related activities. Under the convention, all coastal states are ent itled to maritime zones over which they have some form of jurisdiction and rights, including: a territorial sea (12 nm); a contiguous zone; an exclusive economic zone (200nm); and a continental shelf that may extend past the 200 nautical mile delimitation. These zones must be measured from a baseline, which could be derived from the natural low water mark along a coast or through the use of straight-lines when the coast is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable. The continental shelf and its extensions Nevertheless, UNCLOS gave birth to a key provision that established the concept of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Continental Shelfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in international law; here defined as the natural prolongation of the seabed and subsoil to the outer edge of the continental margin. The legal continental shelf extends out to a distance of 200 nautical miles from its coast or further if the shelf naturally extends beyond that limit. When the continental shelf exceeds 200 nautical miles, the coastal state must make a submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). The Commission assesses the proposed outer limits of the shelf and the technical and scientific data provided before making a final recommendation. The continental shelf delimitations established by a coastal State based on these recommendations are legally binding. Nevertheless, the Convention does include certain criteria governing the establishment of the extended continental shelf and its outer limits. The extensionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outer limits cannot exceed 350 nautical miles from the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s baseline, nor exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2,500 meter isobath, which is a line connecting points of equal underwater depth. UNCLOS provisions draw distinctions between the submerged lands of the continental shelf based on its relation to the exclusive economic zone delimitation. Under UNCLOS, the seabed and subsoil inside the 200 nautic al mile limit falls within the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exclusive economic zone. Therefore coastal states have exclusive sovereign[4] rights over the exploration, exploitation, and management of its continental shelf and the mineral resources therein. Their rights are exclusive in the sense that if the coastal state chooses not to explore or exploit their continental shelf, foreign states or organizations cannot undertake these activities without the express permission of the coastal state. Furthermore, it is within their right for a coastal state to deplete their mineral resources; they are under no obligation to adopt conservation regimes[5] governing their exploitation. But unlike the full sovereignty a state has over its territorial seas, sovereign rights over the continental shelf are not absolute. As an example, coastal states cannot prevent foreign states from laying submerged installations (like pipes and cables) within this zone. Furthermore, a coastal state cannot impe de the conduct of organizations or foreign states that wish to explore the continental shelf for peaceful and scientific purposes. They may, however, withhold consent if the research is for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, involves drilling into the continental shelf, or the use of explosives. In addition, coastal states must adopt laws and regulations to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment that arise from seabed activities. These regulations must, at a minimum, meet the established international standards set out by UNCLOS Part XII and MARPOL[6]. In addition to the rights and restrictions previously described, Article 82 introduces a provision specific to the extended à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ continental shelf (ELCS). Once having claimed an ELCS, the coastal state must make payments and contributions to the International Seabed Authority on all extracted mineral resources. However, if a developing state i s a net importer of a mineral resource produced from its ELCS, the developing country may be exempt from making payments in respect to this resource. Annual payments begin after the first five years of production at a given site on the ELCS. Starting with the sixth year of production, the payment rate is set to one percent of the extracted resource value. This rate increases by one percent with each successive year until the twelfth year, after which payment is set to seven percent for all subsequent years. [1] 1635 Mare John Selden proved that the sea was capable of appropriation as State territory, restricting maritime jurisdiction to the distance within which cannon range could protect it. [2] Resolution 2574D [3] Resolution 2749 [4] Coastal state has the full right and power to govern itself without interference from outside sources. [5] Coastal states must adopt conservation regimes to protect living resources from over-exploitation and depletion. [6] The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) covers the prevention of pollution by ships from operational or accidental causes

Understanding Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a...

Understanding Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman In order to really understand Willy Loman, from Arthur Miller’s play Death Of A Salesman, the reader must analyze the way his character is developed. Studying his thoughts, actions, how he relates to other characters and how other characters relate to him enables the reader to come to an understanding of the world in which Willy lives. Although Willy sometimes has flashbacks, examining them, as well as his thoughts, helps the reader to understand and relate to him better. Willy had very high, but unrealistic expectations for his boys, especially Biff; he thought that they would be guaranteed success. This is illustrated in the quote, â€Å"I see great†¦show more content†¦With all his hopes and dreams for Biff, Willy never paid much attention to Happy. Any praise and acts of approval were always focused on Biff. This is shown when Biff repeatedly says, â€Å"I’m losing weight, you notice Pop?† and Willy ignores him each time. Willy also has a lot of anger inside of him, which you can notice by his actions. When his boss Howard tells Willy that there is no job for him Willy gets very angry and bangs his fist on the desk in a rage. Willy relates to the other characters in many different ways. With Biff, Willy feels angry, but also scared. He believes that Biff is a failure and could have had a very successful life if he only tried and Willy conveys this message to Biff quite often. On the other hand, Willy thinks that Biff does not love him, perhaps because of the affair that Willy had which only Biff knows about. In the end, Willy is quite surprised when Biff shows that he loves him. He says, â€Å"Isn’t that remarkable? Biff--he likes me!† (pg. 133) These two characters have a very uncomfortable relationship. Willy relates to Linda in a way that reveals his character as well. The readers get the impression that Willy thinks Linda is a stupid woman. 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Hotel Report Free Essays

string(45) " first opened its doors to avid movie-goers\." BM 0970 Introduction to Hospitality Tourism Executive Summary Introduction Hotel Rendezvous, Singapore Products/Services: They offer worldwide hotel services in countries such as Singapore, Shanghai and many parts of Australia. They are from The Marque Group of Hotels and they have hotels by the name of both Marque and Rendezvous. Hotel Rendezvous in Singapore offers good location too. We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is situated in the heart of the civic, cultural and commercial district; Bras Basah Road, just stones throw from the always-crowded Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station. Without a doubt, this is the perfect place to rendezvous for business or pleasure. Competition: Hotels nearby includes the known Concorde Hotel, once known as Le Meridian Hotel, Hotel Fort Canning, Mandarin Orchard, which is a 5* Hotel and Hangout @ Mt. Emily, a themed budget hotel. Unique-selling points: Hotel Rendezvous Singapore has the â€Å"Telepresence† Room. This state-of-the-art facility connects users the world with unparalleled convenience and ease, while reducing corporate travel expenses and increasing productivity and environmental friendliness. The hotel is also the first to offer the facility, thus more business visitors will be attracted to stay in Rendezvous. Furthermore, those who book the facility will get discounts for rooms and also f/b services. Target Market: Business travellers Potential Opportunities Challenges Of Hotel Rendezvous Challenges include: 1. Some hotels nearby in Orchard Road have better services An example will be Mandarin Orchard Hotel; they have: * Medical clinic in case of emergencies * Baby sitting services for customers who stays in the hotel with their families and need someone to mend their children when the parents are away * Postal services (Immediate mail from the hotel to Singapore Post) 2. Online guest reviews affect the competitiveness of Hotel Rendezvous Websites like Trip Advisor will have both negative and positive comments. While positive comments may encourage first-time travellers to visit Hotel rendezvous, negative comments will deter travellers to enter the hotel, especially the business travellers who want better services. Since, the negative comments will not be removed immediately, thus causing an influence to the choices made by first-time travellers. 3. Shopping centres are located far from hotel Major shopping malls like ION Orchard and Wisma Atria are located far from Bras Basah Road, where transportation is needed. 4. Due to IR, business and leisure tourists may prefer hotels such as Marina Bay Sands for stay in Singapore instead. 5. F1 Night Race The F1 night race occurs in the month of September each year and during this period, it is much more inaccessible to get to Hotel Rendezvous. Major road closures at locations such as Orchard Road and Stamford Road will make it harder for drivers to get to the hotel. Challenges: Since F1 will end in 2011, the hotels surround the F1 track race may experience a significant drop in hotel occupancy rate. Therefore, suggestions such as organising local Singapore track race are recommended. Key Developments Opportunities 1. Zoukout An annual music, dance and art event hosted at Sentosa Island. Organised by Zouk Club. Tourists all over the world come to Singapore where â€Å"30- 35% of the total turnout come from the region, mainly from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Hong Kong and also as far off as the United States. †   This year’s Zoukout has guests like David Guetta and Tiesto, who are known worldwide. . Christmas Light Ups The Christmas light ups are done annually on the stretch of Orchard Road, where many tourists can photograph their memories with wonderful lights on the background. 3. Great Singapore Sale Great Singapore Sale is an annual event with extensive discounts to attract global and Singapore shoppers to buy merchandi ses from international brands such as Topshop, Nike, and River Island. Foreign shoppers may need an accommodation to stay when they come to Singapore and shop. Since Rendezvous hotel is located near major shopping district, it is an opportunity for the hotel to attract both leisure and business tourists. They can collaborate with GSS such as private sale for Rendezvous hotel’s patrons or discounted room rates if they purchase $500 with 3 combined receipts during this Sale period. Resources available 1. Transportation; Shuttle Services For easier travel, the Rendezvous Singapore Hotel offers an airport shuttle service for guest use. However, the international airport can be reached within minutes by guests driving their own vehicles and the MRT station nearby offers additional transportation options. Airport Airport is air transportation for international tourist to reach Singapore. With airport, it is 20 minutes away to reach hotel rendezvous which give tourists convenience to reach their accommodation faster. It increases the probability for business tourists to choose Rendezvous as their accommodation since it is not far from airport. The 20 minute distance allows better traffic to enter Hotel rendezvous. As such, it is a resource that Hotel Rendezvous can tap on to further establishes its status as a business tourist’s hotel. 2. Land; Minor expansion of the hotel grounds can be done at the fountain lounge (Ref 1. 4), where more space can be given to the Palong Bar, since its size is small. With the expansion, a dancing floor, with a disco theme can be built for guests to have parties or dinner and dance events in future. We have also found out that with the inclusion of a duty free shop in hotels may earn the hotel more revenue with the fees for rental and commissions. An example will be Royal Plaza on Scotts, where DFS Galleria is located in the hotel premises. Many foreigners love to shop at DFS because their products are much cheaper too. Thus, we recommend that Hotel Rendezvous should hire services from DFS Galleria for the land expansion, to cater to guests who ove shopping, at their convenience. 3. Relationship (Networking); The Cathay Cineplexes The Cathay Cineplexes are just stones throw away from Hotel Rendezvous. Guests at the hotel can go there for shopping paradise and movie galore. The Cathay Building has been a distinct landmark since 1939 when it first opened its doors to avid movie-goers. You read "Hotel Report" in category "Papers" Now a shopping mall infused with fashion and trends, five storeys house retail and dining indulgences while two floors are dedicated to an eight-hall multiplex cinema, including The Picturehouse – Singapore’s first arthouse theatre. Guests will be interested to watch movies there, and with winning movies from the Cannes Film Festival, it is a good place for guests to watch it first hand here in Singapore. Recommendation: The Cathay Cineplexes could collaborate together with Hotel Rendezvous to have priority seats for the guests by showing their hotel keys or vouchers issued from the hotel. There should also be a convenience service for advance booking of tickets which allows guests to get their tickets at the reception of Hotel Rendezvous This will allow them to get their tickets at ease, without having to rush between meetings and leisure. The Cathay will then receive better exposure via putting up advertisements such as pamphlets in the hotel to gain reputation among the travellers. Also, collaboration may bring higher revenue since the priority seats is an incentive for them to watch movie in The Cathay. Guests might even recommend the movie theatre to their colleagues who might come to Singapore in future. The Cathay could also provide Hotel Rendezvous complimentary movie passes to be given away to guests. When the guests visit The Cathay Building for the movie, there may be higher chances of them visiting the retail outlets as well. Therefore, it will increase revenue and in turn, they can increase the monthly rental of the shops. 4. Labour (Human Resources); When guests enter the hotel, the first people they are greeted by are the staffs at the hotel lobby. Porters/Bellmen are those who meet and greet customers upon their arrival. Hotel Rendezvous have about 4 porters and security officers on duty on a normal business day. Valet parking is also a special service the hotel offers for guests who drive. The porters also collect and deliver luggage to guests’ hotel rooms once they arrive. In Hotel Rendezvous, receptionists are better called as Guest Reception Officer. . Technology; The hotel needs a good room allocation system. We have researched for best technology supplies and one of which we recommend is Pelican E-Hotel Distribution System. This company provides services such as central reservation and also the Global Distribution System (GDS), which connects with over 600,000 travel agencies worldwide. T his will benefit the hotel through preventing confusions over room allocations. Different guests may want particular rooms such as: * Smoking/Non-smoking rooms * High/Low levels * Queen/2 Single Bed Rooms, etc. We have also found a company, First Data ®, which processes all major credit cards. They can also use the Payment Software solution to process debit/ATM cards, checks, stored value/gift cards, even private label cards and line-of-credit applications. Network for Electronic Transfers (NETS), a Singapore-based payment method can also be used by the hotel to provide smooth transactions for guests. 6. Entrepreneurship; Capitalization through opportunities 1. Attractions and entertainment; Museums Singapore Arts Museum, National Museum, Asian Civilizations Museum are located near Rendezvous Hotel. These museums usually have different exhibitions shown at different periods of the year. An example will be Pompeii: Life in a Roman Town 79CE, at the National Museum of Singapore till January 23rd. Istana The Istana is the official residence of the President where he receives and entertains state guests. The entire domain occupies over 100 acres and is located along the busy Orchard Road. The grounds also contain: * Sri Temasek, also built in 1869, for the Colonial Secretary and was the official residence of the Prime Minister * The Annexe * The Istana Villa (1938) * The Lodge (1974) * The Japanese Gun, presented to Lord  Louis Mountbatten  after the Japanese * surrender in 1945 Marsh  Garden (1970) * Lily  ponds * A nine-hole  golf course * A  burial place  of the  Bencoolen  Muslims, who came to Singapore between 1825 and 1828, located on the southern slopes of the grounds close to the Orchard Road entrance The main purpose of guests to visit Istana is to see the architecture, the facilities, which is only unique to Singapore 2. Destinations; Peranak an Museum The museum explores the culture of Peranakan communities in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang and their links with other communities in Southeast Asia (SEA). It is a boutique museum with one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of Peranakan artefacts in the world. Three floors of permanent galleries illustrate important rituals, practices and the material culture of the Peranakans, as well as how the unique fusion culture is viewed today. The Peranakan Museum provides an enjoyable and educational experience for all, with intricate displays innovatively presented in ten galleries, children’s interactive and special merchandising in two shops. Two temporary exhibition galleries will present a programme of special exhibitions throughout the year. The Peranakan museum is a museum under the Asian Civilisations Museum. Recommendation: Due to the popularity of Mediacorp drama Little Nyonya, the museum may attract Chinese-indo to appreciate the historical artefacts from this museum. In addition, non-Nyonya tourists who want to experience Nyonya culture, they may want to visit this attraction. As such, the hotel may collaborate with the museum with promotional activities like 15% discount off the museum ticket price with any 2 night stay in the hotel. Also, Hotel Rendezvous may collaborate with Singapore Tourism Board (STB) to showcase their promotions and activities regarding Peranakan Museum through STB website. With STB a reliable source for travellers, not only the collaboration will expose Hotel Rendezvous to leisure travellers, and also gain higher reputation among business travellers. For STB, this collaboration will fulfil their mission: We develop and champion tourism, so as to build the sector into a key driver of economic growth for Singapore by the increase in popularity of Hotel Rendezvous and the need to experience Peranakan culture. The Battle Box The Battle Box provides tours to tourists and also local residents of Singapore. For a price of S$5 for children and S$8 for adults, visitors can attend a guided tour of the location. It is the latest military operations complex in Singapore and was the hub of the Malaya Command Head quarters during World War II. They use the specially arranged audio and video effect, high quality animatronics and crafted figurines; they bring back February 15th 1942 to guests, when Singapore fell to the Japanese. So, this destination allows guests of Hotel Rendezvous to get to know the history of Singapore better while they are here. Killing two birds with one stone, they get to do work and know Singapore. In-hotel Resources Meeting rooms and Events Venues * Six functions rooms which can accommodate from 10 to 240 people and a Telepresence Suite * A total  880 square metres of banquet space * A superb selection of food ; beverage packages * The latest in audio visual ; web technology * Special accommodation rates Technical Equipment The latest in audio visual ; web technology is conveniently available upon request. We will be pleased to discuss with you any special presentation requirements you may have, whatever your requests, we will help make your event a success. Value Promise (Fig 1. 1) This service is available free of charge. The hotel promises value to their customers and thus, more of them will go back to the hotel more than once. Business Benefits (Fig 1. 2) This service costs less than a full breakfast meal; $29. 50 Lowest Price Guarantee (Fig 1. 3) Customers are assured that they get the lowest rate they can find in the nearest vicinity. They will even get claims if they find a lower room rate somewhere else with the equivalent facilities/services. Conclusion The top three resources that are significant to the success is labour, technology and travel agencies. Firstly, labour is important in the business. Workers like the receptionist might be the first person the customers will meet when they reach the hotel. If the workers do not treat their work seriously, customer might have a bad impression of the hotel. However, if the workers give a pleasant first impression to the customer, customer might visit the hotel again or recommend the hotel to their friends and family. This will increase the hotel revenue. Secondly, having better technology than other hotel will enable customer to enjoy better benefits that they can’t enjoy in other hotel. An example will be, customers will choose a hotel with wireless than a hotel which doesn’t have as wireless enable customer to surf the net easily. Better technology will also mean that the workers can serve the customer better as the waiting time will be shorter. An example will be customer checking-in to the hotel. Customer will than doesn’t have to wait for long queue to check-in to the hotel if the computer system is able to locate the customer room easily. Lastly, travel agencies play an important role in the hotel. If many travel agencies are willing to advertise to the customer the hotel, there will be huge increase of customers coming to the hotel, which result to more revenue. Working with travel agencies will greatly helps the hotel to earn more revenue. However, if no travel agency wants to help the hotel to their customers, hotel would have lesser customer than hotel with travel agencies helps. How to cite Hotel Report, Papers

Future of Voluntary Active Euthanasia †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Future of Voluntary Active Euthanasia. Answer: Introduction The research aims to measure the responses of the legal experts, medical experts and parents, which forms an integral part of the society in determining the parental right to kill a minor patient. Terminally ill children are a burden for the parents as well it involves a huge cost to sustain the life of a terminally ill children. The whole monetary expenses fall on the shoulders of the parents which is an expensive task. The feelings of a parent that sign the consent form to kill their terminally ill child is beyond the understanding of society. The sense of grief, loss and the depression that the parents experience is beyond anybodys understanding. Research analysis This research argues on the parental right to kill a minor patient. According to Kaczor (2016), just like minors are not let to vote, buy alcohol or cigarettes, the same way minors should not be given the right to make the serious decisions of whether to live or die. Because minors do not have the capability to judge situations, the parents too should not be given the right to kill a minor patient because the state of mind of an aggrieved parent deteriorates after going through such traumatized condition (Bovens, 2015). Medical experts say that sometimes they have seen that the neighborhood people and the other relatives of the minor often pressurize the parents to go for the euthanasia. The reasons they cite include the financial problems that can occur later and the emotional suffering that can come along with the suffering of their child. Hence, there is big probability that parents might get influenced by such pressurizations. There might be instances where parents will be unwill ing to carry the expenses of treating their ailing child and thus might ask to euthanize their own kid. Such a conduct cannot be approved legally, because according to the legal experts it is an illegal affair. Providing the right to kill a minor patient might become arbitrary and parents might misuse the right for their own good and benefit (Caputo, 2015). According to some medical experts providing the right to kill a minor patient to the parents have serious implications. There are instances where, the minors want to live their life even if they having the terminal illness, while empowering the parents with the right to kill their child and the parents argument that they cannot sustain the medical cost can be detrimental and fatal for the minor patient (Donkin, 2017). Conclusion Therefore, from the above research it can be concluded that empowering the parents to kill a minor patient is not a good decision and has serious implications on the health and mental state of the minor patient. The legal and medical responses also argue against providing the rights to the parents to kill minor patient. Although the burden of carrying a child who is terminally ill, and sustaining that child financially is an uphill task. There are other emotional and psychological implications that are associated with the right to kill a minor patient which also needs to be addressed. References Bovens, L. (2015). Child euthanasia: should we just not talk about it?.Journal of medical ethics,41(8), 630-634. Caputo, A. (2015). Trends of psychology-related research on euthanasia: a qualitative software-based thematic analysis of journal abstracts.Psychology, health medicine,20(7), 858-869. Donkin, A. (2017). Human dignity and the future of the voluntary active euthanasia debate in South Africa.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,107(8), 647-647. Kaczor, C. (2016). Against euthanasia for children: a response to Bovens.Journal of medical ethics,42(1), 57-58.