International Law and Non-Renewable Natural Resources - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2831 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The international laws governing the non-renewable natural resources of the continental shelf and the deep seabed Introduction In an age of growing mineral scarcity, we are now turning to the non-renewable resources of the seabed as an alternative to land-based reserves. At present the global consumption of fossil fuels exceeds 80 million barrels of crude oil a day (Lamb 2008), and given that the ocean covers 71% of Earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s surface, most of these reserves are underwater. Consequently, with the depletion of land-based reserves and economic vulnerability arising from a dependency on foreign oil (Groves 2011), the petroleum industry has set out to exploit the untold, vast resources of the deep seabed (Wilson 1982). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Law and Non-Renewable Natural Resources" essay for you Create order In response to a growing interest in deep-sea resources, the question of who has a right to exploit these resources and to what extent can these rights be enjoyed was raised in the Third United Nations Conference of the Law of the Sea convened in 1973 (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). With over 160 nations, the conference finally came to an end in 1982 and the resulting convention was enforced in 1994. The convention introduced a number of new provisions, the most significant being the delimitation of maritime zones. However, UNCLOS also established a legal regime to control the exploitation of mineral resources of the deep sea-bed outside of national jurisdiction, where the convention expressly conferred the International Seabed Authority (ISA) power to regulate all activities therein (Ribeiro 2013). In the space of just a few years, the deep-sea has emerged as a key source of new reserves, such that offshore production of petroleum and gas now account for 6 percent of global prod uction as of 2013.Yet, the exploitation of deep-sea non-renewable resources is not solely limited to oil and gas. With growing exploration of the deep seafloor, many types of non-renewable mineral-rich resources have been discovered, and their formation, occurrence, and economic viability will be discussed in greater detail. This report describes the economically valuable non-renewable resources of the deep seabed, the laws governing their exploitation, and a historical perspective on the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ objection to Part XI of UNCLOS. Classification of natural resources In maritime law, the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"resourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ describes the potential for materials to occur, while à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reservesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are proven deposits of known abundance and volume (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Thus, offshore resource estimates described in this study are not a definitive assessment of total reserves available for exploitation (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Nevertheless, it is important to distinguish resource type because they can differ significantly in their conservation and exploitation regimes; UNCLOS operates specifically within the context of renewable and non-renewable natural resources. A renewable resource is that which can be naturally replaced or replenished, either through biological reproduction or naturally occurring processes. However, these resources are susceptible to depletion through overexploitation. Another type consists of renewable energy resources; these sources are continuously available and not noticeably affected by human consumption and include solar, geothermal, and wind power. A non-renewable resource is that which exists in a limited supply and its rate of replenishment is insufficient to offset economic extraction in a meaningful time-frame. One example is carbon-based fossil fuel, as their rate of formation through geological and biological processes is extremely slow, occurring over mil lions of years. Consequently, resources from an exploitation perspective are classified as renewable when their rate of recovery exceeds that of consumption, while the opposite holds true for non-renewable resources. Classification of mineral resources of the deep seabed Offshore exploitation has become increasingly feasible through technological advances and the main types of mineral deposits with economic value occurring on or beneath the deep seafloor include: placer deposits, polymetallic sulphides (PMS), manganese nodules and crusts, and hydrocarbon (petroleum and gas) deposits (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). These non-renewable resources have a long term formation period and occur mainly through natural geological, chemical, and hydrological processes. Marine placer deposits Placer deposits are accumulations of heavy metallic minerals and gemstones that form as a result of gravity separation during sedimentary processes and form mostly in high-energy environments, in cluding wave, river, and tidal motion (Murton 2000, Unies and marins 2004). These minerals can contain economically important elements including: tin, titanium, zirconium, chromium, iron, barium, and gold. The principle gemstone is diamond (Unies and marins 2004). During the last glacial period, (18,000 ya), the sea level dropped by almost 120 meters and fluvial (river) placers extended to the present-day continental shelf(Murton 2000). But with subsequent sea level rises, most of these deposits became buried with sediment and now make up the marine placer deposits of commercial interest. However, given that placer minerals are generally confined to locations near their fluvial source, most of these deposits typically fall within the Exclusive Economic Zone of coastal states and are under national jurisdiction (Murton 2000). Polymetallic sulphides (PMS) These deposits are large bodies of ore containing high concentrations of base and precious metals, including: copper, zinc, l ead, gold, and silver. With seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, PMS formation is associated with the increased hydrothermal and volcanic activity at these regions (Murton 2000). Consequently, PMS deposits are found along most major tectonic plate boundaries(Murton 2000). Hydrothermal fluid seeps into chambers under the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s crust and are heated by the molten rock. The metal-laden water is discharged from the black smokers into the water column at high temperatures (400 °C). As the plume mixes with cold seawater, the metal sulphides precipitate on to the chimneys and surrounding seafloor, where they form large deposits ranging from thousands to 100 million tonnes (ISA 2008). Despite their great depth (in excess of 2,500m) and remote offshore locations (Murton, Parson et al. 2001), these deposits have attracted the interest of the mining industry and exploration has begun. As of 2013, Nautilus Minerals is the first commercial operator granted a mining le ase for PMS deposits, and is currently exploring high grade copper-gold deposits in the territorial waters and EEZ of Papua New Guinea (ISA 2008). Manganese nodules and crusts During the expeditions of the British Oceanographic Ship HSM Challenger (1872-1876), manganese nodules were discovered on the deep seabed in most oceans of the world (King 1981, Murton, Parson et al. 2001). These nodules can range in diameter from millimetres to tens of centimetres and are formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese around a core (Murton 2000). They contain economically valuable concentrations of manganese, copper, nickel, and cobalt (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Several processes are involved in the formation of nodules, the most prevalent being: the hydrogenous and biogenic precipitation of metals, the diagenetic transformation of sedimentary rock, and the deposition of metal-rich sediment from continental erosion (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Although these processes can occur c oncurrently during the formation of a single nodule, they grow at a rate of one molecular layer every three months, making it one of the slowest geological processes known to man occurring over millions of years (ISA 2008 cob). Manganese crusts are formed through the precipitation of minerals on to the flanks and summits of seamounts, ridges, and plateaus and can form layers up to 25 centimetres thick (ISA 2008). Overall, manganese nodules and crusts cover an estimated 2 % of the seafloor (6.35 million km2) and can achieve high densities, with an average of 10kg/m2 in areas of the Central Pacific (Murton 2000, ISA 2008). Manganese nodules and crusts are a significant source in cobalt, an economically important metal used in super-alloys, solar cells, conductors, laser systems, and fuel cells (ISA 2008). Their abundance, composition, and occurrence as loose material on the seafloor, make nodules and crusts an attractive incentive for mining (Murton 2000). The global resource of m anganese nodules may contain upwards of 150 billion tonnes (King 1981), with an estimated cobalt value of 12,000 trillion US dollars, using 2001 raw commodity prices (Murton 2000). Deep seabed resources: a historical perspective Before World War II, coastal states had national sovereignty and jurisdiction over territorial waters, which extended three nautical miles[1] from the shore as a form of customary law (Carter et al. 2007). Yet, no consensus had been reached regarding national jurisdiction over resources of the seabed beyond territorial seas. When the Challenger discovered manganese nodules in the late 19th century, the doctrine of res nullius applied; such that the resources of the seabed belonged to no one and could be subject to state appropriation (King, 1981). However, with the potential for commercial activity and offshore resource development in subsequent years, the process to claim greater seabed territory had begun. In 1945, President Truman issued Proclamatio n 2667, which asserted U.S. rights to explore and exploit resources of the seabed outside of the three nautical mile limit. This proclamation essentially stated that the resources of the seabed and subsoil of the continental shelf were exclusively US property. Other nations followed suit, which resulted in a customary law of the continental shelf later codified with UNCLOS I in 1958 (Shackelford, 2009). At this time, developing countries had a monopoly over land based mineral suppliers, where the biggest sources of cobalt were coming out of the mines in Zaire and Zambia (Wilson, 1982). The United States on the other hand relied heavily on foreign sources and had to import cobalt, manganese, and nickel to meet their industrial needs. Consequently, with the growing realization that mineral resources were finite, the seabed beyond the continual shelf gartered newfound attention by developed nations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" particularly the cobalt-rich manganese nodules of the deep seabed. Nevertheless, competing with the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ desire to reduce its dangerous dependence on foreign and politically unstable mineral sources, were the desire of developing countries to assure equitable access to the resources of the deep seabed as a method of alleviating their perceived economic imbalances (Wilson, 1982). A consensus began to develop among the international community that the deep seabed and its resources should be subject to the doctrine of res communis: belonging to all (King, 1981). As the US began to claim areas of the seabed for exploitation, newly independent developing countries were becoming a powerful force influencing international relations. As their numbers increased, so did their demands for an equitable approach to global natural resources, and in light of the technological advances possessed by the United States, they sought to keep industrialized countries from monopolizing the deep seabed (Guntrip, 2003; Shackelford, 2009). Nev ertheless, the controversy as to which policy should control the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed essentially remained unresolved (King, 1981). Under the doctrine res communis, the Maltese ambassador Arvid Pardo believed an effective international regime was necessary to govern the deep seabed; one which would take into account the needs and interests of developing nations and also that of future generations (Guntrip, 2003; Shackelford, 2009). As a result, Pardo proposed that the deep seabed should be declared a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Common Heritage of Mankindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  during the twenty-second General Assembly of the United Nations (1967). Reaction to the proposal was mixed; developing nations endorsed the CHM principle, while developed nations like the United States rejected it (Guntrip, 2003). While deliberating, the General Assembly drafted a number of resolutions regarding the resources of the deep seabed including the Moratorium Resolution[2] and the Declarat ion of Principles[3]. Adopted in 1969, the Moratorium Resolution banned all activities pertaining to the deep seabed until an international regime was established. However, developed nations -particularly the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom opposed the moratorium provisions, believing it would jeopardize their many offshore mining investments (Guntrip, 2003). Being neither a member of UNCLOS I (1958) or UNCLOS II (1960), the United States viewed the resolution as a recommendation, not an obligation, and did not consider itself legally bound by the moratorium (Guntrip, 2003; King, 1981). The Declaration of Principles, adopted in 1970, attempted to outline the rules governing the use of the deep seabed and was met with little opposition. It acknowledged that the existing laws of the sea treaties did not provide adequate legal regimes for the exploration and exploitation of the seabed (citation). In addition, the resolution declared the deep seabed a common heritage of mankind and beyond state appropriation (citation). Laws of the Seas Treaty The debate over offshore mining served as an impetus for the third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (1982) and the establishment of the International Seabed Authority (1994) under Part XI of the convention. The primary purpose of UNCLOS III was to establish legal regimes that would regulate the exploration and exploitation of all renewable and non-renewable resources of the high seas and the seabed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Areaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  beyond national jurisdiction. Held from 1973 to 1982, the convention ultimately resulted in the adoption of 320 articles, with the overall participation of 160 nations. UNCLOS is considered by some to be the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“constitution of the oceanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Groves, 2011) and it effectively defines the rights and responsibilities of all member nations and covers all ocean-related activities. Under the convention, all coastal states are ent itled to maritime zones over which they have some form of jurisdiction and rights, including: a territorial sea (12 nm); a contiguous zone; an exclusive economic zone (200nm); and a continental shelf that may extend past the 200 nautical mile delimitation. These zones must be measured from a baseline, which could be derived from the natural low water mark along a coast or through the use of straight-lines when the coast is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable. The continental shelf and its extensions Nevertheless, UNCLOS gave birth to a key provision that established the concept of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Continental Shelfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in international law; here defined as the natural prolongation of the seabed and subsoil to the outer edge of the continental margin. The legal continental shelf extends out to a distance of 200 nautical miles from its coast or further if the shelf naturally extends beyond that limit. When the continental shelf exceeds 200 nautical miles, the coastal state must make a submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). The Commission assesses the proposed outer limits of the shelf and the technical and scientific data provided before making a final recommendation. The continental shelf delimitations established by a coastal State based on these recommendations are legally binding. Nevertheless, the Convention does include certain criteria governing the establishment of the extended continental shelf and its outer limits. The extensionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outer limits cannot exceed 350 nautical miles from the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s baseline, nor exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2,500 meter isobath, which is a line connecting points of equal underwater depth. UNCLOS provisions draw distinctions between the submerged lands of the continental shelf based on its relation to the exclusive economic zone delimitation. Under UNCLOS, the seabed and subsoil inside the 200 nautic al mile limit falls within the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exclusive economic zone. Therefore coastal states have exclusive sovereign[4] rights over the exploration, exploitation, and management of its continental shelf and the mineral resources therein. Their rights are exclusive in the sense that if the coastal state chooses not to explore or exploit their continental shelf, foreign states or organizations cannot undertake these activities without the express permission of the coastal state. Furthermore, it is within their right for a coastal state to deplete their mineral resources; they are under no obligation to adopt conservation regimes[5] governing their exploitation. But unlike the full sovereignty a state has over its territorial seas, sovereign rights over the continental shelf are not absolute. As an example, coastal states cannot prevent foreign states from laying submerged installations (like pipes and cables) within this zone. Furthermore, a coastal state cannot impe de the conduct of organizations or foreign states that wish to explore the continental shelf for peaceful and scientific purposes. They may, however, withhold consent if the research is for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, involves drilling into the continental shelf, or the use of explosives. In addition, coastal states must adopt laws and regulations to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment that arise from seabed activities. These regulations must, at a minimum, meet the established international standards set out by UNCLOS Part XII and MARPOL[6]. In addition to the rights and restrictions previously described, Article 82 introduces a provision specific to the extended à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ continental shelf (ELCS). Once having claimed an ELCS, the coastal state must make payments and contributions to the International Seabed Authority on all extracted mineral resources. However, if a developing state i s a net importer of a mineral resource produced from its ELCS, the developing country may be exempt from making payments in respect to this resource. Annual payments begin after the first five years of production at a given site on the ELCS. Starting with the sixth year of production, the payment rate is set to one percent of the extracted resource value. This rate increases by one percent with each successive year until the twelfth year, after which payment is set to seven percent for all subsequent years. [1] 1635 Mare John Selden proved that the sea was capable of appropriation as State territory, restricting maritime jurisdiction to the distance within which cannon range could protect it. [2] Resolution 2574D [3] Resolution 2749 [4] Coastal state has the full right and power to govern itself without interference from outside sources. [5] Coastal states must adopt conservation regimes to protect living resources from over-exploitation and depletion. [6] The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) covers the prevention of pollution by ships from operational or accidental causes

Understanding Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a...

Understanding Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman In order to really understand Willy Loman, from Arthur Miller’s play Death Of A Salesman, the reader must analyze the way his character is developed. Studying his thoughts, actions, how he relates to other characters and how other characters relate to him enables the reader to come to an understanding of the world in which Willy lives. Although Willy sometimes has flashbacks, examining them, as well as his thoughts, helps the reader to understand and relate to him better. Willy had very high, but unrealistic expectations for his boys, especially Biff; he thought that they would be guaranteed success. This is illustrated in the quote, â€Å"I see great†¦show more content†¦With all his hopes and dreams for Biff, Willy never paid much attention to Happy. Any praise and acts of approval were always focused on Biff. This is shown when Biff repeatedly says, â€Å"I’m losing weight, you notice Pop?† and Willy ignores him each time. Willy also has a lot of anger inside of him, which you can notice by his actions. When his boss Howard tells Willy that there is no job for him Willy gets very angry and bangs his fist on the desk in a rage. Willy relates to the other characters in many different ways. With Biff, Willy feels angry, but also scared. He believes that Biff is a failure and could have had a very successful life if he only tried and Willy conveys this message to Biff quite often. On the other hand, Willy thinks that Biff does not love him, perhaps because of the affair that Willy had which only Biff knows about. In the end, Willy is quite surprised when Biff shows that he loves him. He says, â€Å"Isn’t that remarkable? Biff--he likes me!† (pg. 133) These two characters have a very uncomfortable relationship. Willy relates to Linda in a way that reveals his character as well. The readers get the impression that Willy thinks Linda is a stupid woman. 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Hotel Report Free Essays

string(45) " first opened its doors to avid movie-goers\." BM 0970 Introduction to Hospitality Tourism Executive Summary Introduction Hotel Rendezvous, Singapore Products/Services: They offer worldwide hotel services in countries such as Singapore, Shanghai and many parts of Australia. They are from The Marque Group of Hotels and they have hotels by the name of both Marque and Rendezvous. Hotel Rendezvous in Singapore offers good location too. We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is situated in the heart of the civic, cultural and commercial district; Bras Basah Road, just stones throw from the always-crowded Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station. Without a doubt, this is the perfect place to rendezvous for business or pleasure. Competition: Hotels nearby includes the known Concorde Hotel, once known as Le Meridian Hotel, Hotel Fort Canning, Mandarin Orchard, which is a 5* Hotel and Hangout @ Mt. Emily, a themed budget hotel. Unique-selling points: Hotel Rendezvous Singapore has the â€Å"Telepresence† Room. This state-of-the-art facility connects users the world with unparalleled convenience and ease, while reducing corporate travel expenses and increasing productivity and environmental friendliness. The hotel is also the first to offer the facility, thus more business visitors will be attracted to stay in Rendezvous. Furthermore, those who book the facility will get discounts for rooms and also f/b services. Target Market: Business travellers Potential Opportunities Challenges Of Hotel Rendezvous Challenges include: 1. Some hotels nearby in Orchard Road have better services An example will be Mandarin Orchard Hotel; they have: * Medical clinic in case of emergencies * Baby sitting services for customers who stays in the hotel with their families and need someone to mend their children when the parents are away * Postal services (Immediate mail from the hotel to Singapore Post) 2. Online guest reviews affect the competitiveness of Hotel Rendezvous Websites like Trip Advisor will have both negative and positive comments. While positive comments may encourage first-time travellers to visit Hotel rendezvous, negative comments will deter travellers to enter the hotel, especially the business travellers who want better services. Since, the negative comments will not be removed immediately, thus causing an influence to the choices made by first-time travellers. 3. Shopping centres are located far from hotel Major shopping malls like ION Orchard and Wisma Atria are located far from Bras Basah Road, where transportation is needed. 4. Due to IR, business and leisure tourists may prefer hotels such as Marina Bay Sands for stay in Singapore instead. 5. F1 Night Race The F1 night race occurs in the month of September each year and during this period, it is much more inaccessible to get to Hotel Rendezvous. Major road closures at locations such as Orchard Road and Stamford Road will make it harder for drivers to get to the hotel. Challenges: Since F1 will end in 2011, the hotels surround the F1 track race may experience a significant drop in hotel occupancy rate. Therefore, suggestions such as organising local Singapore track race are recommended. Key Developments Opportunities 1. Zoukout An annual music, dance and art event hosted at Sentosa Island. Organised by Zouk Club. Tourists all over the world come to Singapore where â€Å"30- 35% of the total turnout come from the region, mainly from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Hong Kong and also as far off as the United States. †   This year’s Zoukout has guests like David Guetta and Tiesto, who are known worldwide. . Christmas Light Ups The Christmas light ups are done annually on the stretch of Orchard Road, where many tourists can photograph their memories with wonderful lights on the background. 3. Great Singapore Sale Great Singapore Sale is an annual event with extensive discounts to attract global and Singapore shoppers to buy merchandi ses from international brands such as Topshop, Nike, and River Island. Foreign shoppers may need an accommodation to stay when they come to Singapore and shop. Since Rendezvous hotel is located near major shopping district, it is an opportunity for the hotel to attract both leisure and business tourists. They can collaborate with GSS such as private sale for Rendezvous hotel’s patrons or discounted room rates if they purchase $500 with 3 combined receipts during this Sale period. Resources available 1. Transportation; Shuttle Services For easier travel, the Rendezvous Singapore Hotel offers an airport shuttle service for guest use. However, the international airport can be reached within minutes by guests driving their own vehicles and the MRT station nearby offers additional transportation options. Airport Airport is air transportation for international tourist to reach Singapore. With airport, it is 20 minutes away to reach hotel rendezvous which give tourists convenience to reach their accommodation faster. It increases the probability for business tourists to choose Rendezvous as their accommodation since it is not far from airport. The 20 minute distance allows better traffic to enter Hotel rendezvous. As such, it is a resource that Hotel Rendezvous can tap on to further establishes its status as a business tourist’s hotel. 2. Land; Minor expansion of the hotel grounds can be done at the fountain lounge (Ref 1. 4), where more space can be given to the Palong Bar, since its size is small. With the expansion, a dancing floor, with a disco theme can be built for guests to have parties or dinner and dance events in future. We have also found out that with the inclusion of a duty free shop in hotels may earn the hotel more revenue with the fees for rental and commissions. An example will be Royal Plaza on Scotts, where DFS Galleria is located in the hotel premises. Many foreigners love to shop at DFS because their products are much cheaper too. Thus, we recommend that Hotel Rendezvous should hire services from DFS Galleria for the land expansion, to cater to guests who ove shopping, at their convenience. 3. Relationship (Networking); The Cathay Cineplexes The Cathay Cineplexes are just stones throw away from Hotel Rendezvous. Guests at the hotel can go there for shopping paradise and movie galore. The Cathay Building has been a distinct landmark since 1939 when it first opened its doors to avid movie-goers. You read "Hotel Report" in category "Papers" Now a shopping mall infused with fashion and trends, five storeys house retail and dining indulgences while two floors are dedicated to an eight-hall multiplex cinema, including The Picturehouse – Singapore’s first arthouse theatre. Guests will be interested to watch movies there, and with winning movies from the Cannes Film Festival, it is a good place for guests to watch it first hand here in Singapore. Recommendation: The Cathay Cineplexes could collaborate together with Hotel Rendezvous to have priority seats for the guests by showing their hotel keys or vouchers issued from the hotel. There should also be a convenience service for advance booking of tickets which allows guests to get their tickets at the reception of Hotel Rendezvous This will allow them to get their tickets at ease, without having to rush between meetings and leisure. The Cathay will then receive better exposure via putting up advertisements such as pamphlets in the hotel to gain reputation among the travellers. Also, collaboration may bring higher revenue since the priority seats is an incentive for them to watch movie in The Cathay. Guests might even recommend the movie theatre to their colleagues who might come to Singapore in future. The Cathay could also provide Hotel Rendezvous complimentary movie passes to be given away to guests. When the guests visit The Cathay Building for the movie, there may be higher chances of them visiting the retail outlets as well. Therefore, it will increase revenue and in turn, they can increase the monthly rental of the shops. 4. Labour (Human Resources); When guests enter the hotel, the first people they are greeted by are the staffs at the hotel lobby. Porters/Bellmen are those who meet and greet customers upon their arrival. Hotel Rendezvous have about 4 porters and security officers on duty on a normal business day. Valet parking is also a special service the hotel offers for guests who drive. The porters also collect and deliver luggage to guests’ hotel rooms once they arrive. In Hotel Rendezvous, receptionists are better called as Guest Reception Officer. . Technology; The hotel needs a good room allocation system. We have researched for best technology supplies and one of which we recommend is Pelican E-Hotel Distribution System. This company provides services such as central reservation and also the Global Distribution System (GDS), which connects with over 600,000 travel agencies worldwide. T his will benefit the hotel through preventing confusions over room allocations. Different guests may want particular rooms such as: * Smoking/Non-smoking rooms * High/Low levels * Queen/2 Single Bed Rooms, etc. We have also found a company, First Data ®, which processes all major credit cards. They can also use the Payment Software solution to process debit/ATM cards, checks, stored value/gift cards, even private label cards and line-of-credit applications. Network for Electronic Transfers (NETS), a Singapore-based payment method can also be used by the hotel to provide smooth transactions for guests. 6. Entrepreneurship; Capitalization through opportunities 1. Attractions and entertainment; Museums Singapore Arts Museum, National Museum, Asian Civilizations Museum are located near Rendezvous Hotel. These museums usually have different exhibitions shown at different periods of the year. An example will be Pompeii: Life in a Roman Town 79CE, at the National Museum of Singapore till January 23rd. Istana The Istana is the official residence of the President where he receives and entertains state guests. The entire domain occupies over 100 acres and is located along the busy Orchard Road. The grounds also contain: * Sri Temasek, also built in 1869, for the Colonial Secretary and was the official residence of the Prime Minister * The Annexe * The Istana Villa (1938) * The Lodge (1974) * The Japanese Gun, presented to Lord  Louis Mountbatten  after the Japanese * surrender in 1945 Marsh  Garden (1970) * Lily  ponds * A nine-hole  golf course * A  burial place  of the  Bencoolen  Muslims, who came to Singapore between 1825 and 1828, located on the southern slopes of the grounds close to the Orchard Road entrance The main purpose of guests to visit Istana is to see the architecture, the facilities, which is only unique to Singapore 2. Destinations; Peranak an Museum The museum explores the culture of Peranakan communities in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang and their links with other communities in Southeast Asia (SEA). It is a boutique museum with one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of Peranakan artefacts in the world. Three floors of permanent galleries illustrate important rituals, practices and the material culture of the Peranakans, as well as how the unique fusion culture is viewed today. The Peranakan Museum provides an enjoyable and educational experience for all, with intricate displays innovatively presented in ten galleries, children’s interactive and special merchandising in two shops. Two temporary exhibition galleries will present a programme of special exhibitions throughout the year. The Peranakan museum is a museum under the Asian Civilisations Museum. Recommendation: Due to the popularity of Mediacorp drama Little Nyonya, the museum may attract Chinese-indo to appreciate the historical artefacts from this museum. In addition, non-Nyonya tourists who want to experience Nyonya culture, they may want to visit this attraction. As such, the hotel may collaborate with the museum with promotional activities like 15% discount off the museum ticket price with any 2 night stay in the hotel. Also, Hotel Rendezvous may collaborate with Singapore Tourism Board (STB) to showcase their promotions and activities regarding Peranakan Museum through STB website. With STB a reliable source for travellers, not only the collaboration will expose Hotel Rendezvous to leisure travellers, and also gain higher reputation among business travellers. For STB, this collaboration will fulfil their mission: We develop and champion tourism, so as to build the sector into a key driver of economic growth for Singapore by the increase in popularity of Hotel Rendezvous and the need to experience Peranakan culture. The Battle Box The Battle Box provides tours to tourists and also local residents of Singapore. For a price of S$5 for children and S$8 for adults, visitors can attend a guided tour of the location. It is the latest military operations complex in Singapore and was the hub of the Malaya Command Head quarters during World War II. They use the specially arranged audio and video effect, high quality animatronics and crafted figurines; they bring back February 15th 1942 to guests, when Singapore fell to the Japanese. So, this destination allows guests of Hotel Rendezvous to get to know the history of Singapore better while they are here. Killing two birds with one stone, they get to do work and know Singapore. In-hotel Resources Meeting rooms and Events Venues * Six functions rooms which can accommodate from 10 to 240 people and a Telepresence Suite * A total  880 square metres of banquet space * A superb selection of food ; beverage packages * The latest in audio visual ; web technology * Special accommodation rates Technical Equipment The latest in audio visual ; web technology is conveniently available upon request. We will be pleased to discuss with you any special presentation requirements you may have, whatever your requests, we will help make your event a success. Value Promise (Fig 1. 1) This service is available free of charge. The hotel promises value to their customers and thus, more of them will go back to the hotel more than once. Business Benefits (Fig 1. 2) This service costs less than a full breakfast meal; $29. 50 Lowest Price Guarantee (Fig 1. 3) Customers are assured that they get the lowest rate they can find in the nearest vicinity. They will even get claims if they find a lower room rate somewhere else with the equivalent facilities/services. Conclusion The top three resources that are significant to the success is labour, technology and travel agencies. Firstly, labour is important in the business. Workers like the receptionist might be the first person the customers will meet when they reach the hotel. If the workers do not treat their work seriously, customer might have a bad impression of the hotel. However, if the workers give a pleasant first impression to the customer, customer might visit the hotel again or recommend the hotel to their friends and family. This will increase the hotel revenue. Secondly, having better technology than other hotel will enable customer to enjoy better benefits that they can’t enjoy in other hotel. An example will be, customers will choose a hotel with wireless than a hotel which doesn’t have as wireless enable customer to surf the net easily. Better technology will also mean that the workers can serve the customer better as the waiting time will be shorter. An example will be customer checking-in to the hotel. Customer will than doesn’t have to wait for long queue to check-in to the hotel if the computer system is able to locate the customer room easily. Lastly, travel agencies play an important role in the hotel. If many travel agencies are willing to advertise to the customer the hotel, there will be huge increase of customers coming to the hotel, which result to more revenue. Working with travel agencies will greatly helps the hotel to earn more revenue. However, if no travel agency wants to help the hotel to their customers, hotel would have lesser customer than hotel with travel agencies helps. How to cite Hotel Report, Papers

Future of Voluntary Active Euthanasia †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Future of Voluntary Active Euthanasia. Answer: Introduction The research aims to measure the responses of the legal experts, medical experts and parents, which forms an integral part of the society in determining the parental right to kill a minor patient. Terminally ill children are a burden for the parents as well it involves a huge cost to sustain the life of a terminally ill children. The whole monetary expenses fall on the shoulders of the parents which is an expensive task. The feelings of a parent that sign the consent form to kill their terminally ill child is beyond the understanding of society. The sense of grief, loss and the depression that the parents experience is beyond anybodys understanding. Research analysis This research argues on the parental right to kill a minor patient. According to Kaczor (2016), just like minors are not let to vote, buy alcohol or cigarettes, the same way minors should not be given the right to make the serious decisions of whether to live or die. Because minors do not have the capability to judge situations, the parents too should not be given the right to kill a minor patient because the state of mind of an aggrieved parent deteriorates after going through such traumatized condition (Bovens, 2015). Medical experts say that sometimes they have seen that the neighborhood people and the other relatives of the minor often pressurize the parents to go for the euthanasia. The reasons they cite include the financial problems that can occur later and the emotional suffering that can come along with the suffering of their child. Hence, there is big probability that parents might get influenced by such pressurizations. There might be instances where parents will be unwill ing to carry the expenses of treating their ailing child and thus might ask to euthanize their own kid. Such a conduct cannot be approved legally, because according to the legal experts it is an illegal affair. Providing the right to kill a minor patient might become arbitrary and parents might misuse the right for their own good and benefit (Caputo, 2015). According to some medical experts providing the right to kill a minor patient to the parents have serious implications. There are instances where, the minors want to live their life even if they having the terminal illness, while empowering the parents with the right to kill their child and the parents argument that they cannot sustain the medical cost can be detrimental and fatal for the minor patient (Donkin, 2017). Conclusion Therefore, from the above research it can be concluded that empowering the parents to kill a minor patient is not a good decision and has serious implications on the health and mental state of the minor patient. The legal and medical responses also argue against providing the rights to the parents to kill minor patient. Although the burden of carrying a child who is terminally ill, and sustaining that child financially is an uphill task. There are other emotional and psychological implications that are associated with the right to kill a minor patient which also needs to be addressed. References Bovens, L. (2015). Child euthanasia: should we just not talk about it?.Journal of medical ethics,41(8), 630-634. Caputo, A. (2015). Trends of psychology-related research on euthanasia: a qualitative software-based thematic analysis of journal abstracts.Psychology, health medicine,20(7), 858-869. Donkin, A. (2017). Human dignity and the future of the voluntary active euthanasia debate in South Africa.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,107(8), 647-647. Kaczor, C. (2016). Against euthanasia for children: a response to Bovens.Journal of medical ethics,42(1), 57-58.

Efficiency and Effectiveness for Nike, McDonalds and Body Shop

Nike, McDonalds and Body Shop are the world known brands. Each of these brands has become popular because of many reasons, however, the main of them are human resource management, marketing and distribution, accounting and finance, operations, information management, and cross-functional issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Efficiency and Effectiveness for Nike, McDonalds and Body Shop specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The correct organization of these basic processes in economics leads to the successful business running. Speaking about efficiency and effectiveness for Nike, McDonalds and Body Shop, these specific aspects of business are going to be discussed with the stress on how the companies should behave in each of these processes. Human resource management is one of the most important aspects of company running and a guarantee of successful company performance. Each of the companies mentioned above have s pecific approaches to the human resources. Nike is sure that having become a part of their company each person is going to change due to the challenges offered by the corporation. McDonalds has the strategy of so-called achievement. People have an opportunity to achieve the highest positions only having come through the whole career ladder. Being a simple salesman, people can become managers and even top managers. Training and other supportive practices are guaranteed. Body Shop offers people specific working places. The specifics with in working with human resources in Body Shop is that the first several days people do not work but get used to the new environment. Marketing and distribution are important as well. Nike offers their products in pair with connecting software of the well-known producers. McDonalds is famous for its fast and tasty products with McDrive and other convenient options. Body Shop sells its products on the internet that increases the rate of customers who are ready to buy their products. Accounting and finance in the companies is based on the latest innovative technologies and companies are sure to maintain order in these processes. The efficiency and effectiveness of the mentioned companies depends on their financial operations. The opportunity to pay online, create personal account in Nike and Body Shop are important as customers may return to these stores.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McDonalds also tries to improve its financial situation and accounting using electronic money, etc. Selling products online, companies deliver those throughout the country. The delivery is based on various express services which guarantee fast and quality delivery. It is essential to understand that the effectiveness and the efficiency of Nike, McDonalds and Body Shop depend not only on the products but also on the quality of services offered . Information management is an important stage in companies’ functioning as the knowledge about the rate of sale in the industry, about the lack or excess of the products and about other strategic issues is crucial for company efficiency. The inability to get necessary information on time may create a number of difficulties and lead to substantial financial loses. Nike, Body Shop and McDonalds are successful because they do not consider each process of business separately but do all possible to dwell upon a combination of processes, etc. These world known brands managed to be successful only because they collaborated all the processes implementing each new process in combination with many other processes. The efficiency and effectiveness of the companies is based on successful business running and other particular aspects which guaranteed effective work. This essay on Efficiency and Effectiveness for Nike, McDonalds and Body Shop was written and submitted by user Colten Holt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Black Inventors - Patent Holders List Index R

Black Inventors - Patent Holders List Index R Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: use the A to Z index bar to navigate and select or just browse the many listings. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. Victor Llewellyn Ransom #3,231,866, 1/25/1966, Traffic data processing system#3,866,185, 2/11/1975, Method and apparatus for gathering peak load traffic data Debrilla M Ratchford #4,094,391, 6/13/1978, Suitcase with wheels and transporting hook Ernest P Ray #620,078, 2/21/1899, Chair supporting device Lloyd P Ray #587,607, 8/3/1897, Dust pan Andre Reboucas NA 1895 approx Torpedo Craig C Redmond, Sr. #6,085,356, 7/11/2000, Waist Band Expander Judy W Reed #305,474, 9/23/1884, Dough kneader and roller Humphrey H Reynolds #275,271, 10/7/1890, Window ventilator for railroad cars#437,937, 4/3/1883, Safety gate for bridges Mary Jane Reynolds #1,337,667, 4/20/1920, Hoisting and loading mechanism Robert Randolph Reynolds #624,092, 5/2/1899, Nonrefillable bottle Jerome Bonaparte Rhodes #639,290, 12/19/1899 Water closet Albert C Richardson #255,022, 3/14/1882, Hame fastener#446,470, 2/17/1891, Churn#529,311, 11/13/1894, Casket-lowering device#620,362, 2/28/1899, Insect destroyer#638,811, 12/12/1899, Bottle William H Richardson #343,140, 6/18/1889, Cotton chopper#405,599, 6/18/1889, Childs carriage#405,600, 6/1/1886, Childs carriage Charles V Richey #584,650, 8/3/1897, Car coupling#587,657, 10/26/1897, Railroad switch#592,448, 12/28/1897, Railroad switch#596,427, 12/13/1898, Fire escape bracket#615,907, 6/3/1913, Combined cot, hammock, and stretcher#1,063,599, 7/7/1931, Telephone register and lock-out device#1,812,984, 2/14/1933, Lockout for outgoing calls for telephone systems#1,897,533 6/15/1897, Time control system for telephones Alvin Longo Rickman #598,816, 2/8/1898, Overshoe James Ricks #338,781, 3/30/1886, Horseshoe#626,245, 6/6/1899, Overshoe for horses Norbert Rillieux #3,237, 8/26/1843, Improvement in sugar works#4,879, 12/10/1846, Sugar processing evaporator Cecil Rivers 6,731,483, 2/14/2003, Circuit breaker with single test button mechanism Louis W Roberts #3,072,865, 1/8/1963, Gaseous discharge device#3,257,620, 6/21/1966, Device for gas amplication by stimulated emission and radiation GASAR#3,377,576, 4/9/1968, Gallium-wetted movable electrode switch Elbert R Robinson #505,370, 9/19/1893, Electric railway trolley#594,286, 11/23/1897, Casting composite or other car wheels Hassel D Robinson #D 66,703, 2/24/1925, Design for a traffic signal casing#1,580,218, 4/13/1926, Traffic signal for automobiles Ira C Robinson #3,577,514, 5/4/1971, Sustained release pharmaceutical tablets James H Robinson #621,143, 3/14/1899, Lifesaving guard for locomotives#623,929, 4/25/1899, Lifesaving guard for street cars John Robinson #356,852, 2/1/1887, Dinner pail Neal Moore Robinson #1,422,479 7/11/1922 Vehicle wheel Arnold Romain #402,035 4/23/1889 Passenger register Raymond E Rose #3,618,388 11/9/1971 Control apparatus Archia L Ross #565,301, 8/4/1896, Runner for stoops#605,343, 6/7/1898, Bag closure#638,068, 11/28/1899, Trousers support or stretcher Joseph Ross #632,539, 9/5/1899, Hay press David N Roston #556,166, 3/10/1896, Feather curler Edwin R Russell #2,855,269, 10/7/1958, The separation of plutonium from uranium and fission products#2,992,249, 7/11/1961, Ion exchange absorption process for plutonium separation#3,296,123, 1/3/1967, Removal of cesium from aqueous solution by ion exchange#3,309,323, 3/14/1967, Thorium oxide or thorium-uranium oxide with magnesium oxide Jesse Eugene Russell #5,930,247, 7/27/1999, Broadband data reception system for Worldnet access#6,044,403, 3/28/2000, Network server platform for Internet, Java server and video application server John Russell #6,968,993, 11/17/2003, Mailbox assembly Joseph L Russell #3,995,011, 11/30/1976, Preparation of tungsten hexafluoride from halogen and hydrogen fluoride Lewis A Russell #544,381, 8/13/1895, Guard attachment for beds Earl Ryder #3,129,095, 4/14/1964, High silicon cast iron

Importance of China And India On Projections of Future Energy Needs Research Paper

Importance of China And India On Projections of Future Energy Needs - Research Paper Example This report stresses that the rapid population growth, industrial growth and changing life styles may increase the energy requirements of India further than forecasted. For example, mobile phone and automobile usages in India has increased a lot in the last two decades. It is difficult to see a family without a vehicle in the urban areas now. Even in rural areas many people using motor bikes for their travelling needs. Same way mobile phones are a house hold entity now. In fact most of the people in urban areas have their own cell phones. Thus the energy requirements in India are rapidly growing because of the changing life styles or advancements in life standards. This paper makes a conclusion that China and India are the two major countries in the world at present which are developing more rapidly than any other countries in the world. The huge energy crisis in the world at present is because of the immense developments in these heavily populated countries. The GDP growths of these two countries are one among the top five countries in the world whereas population wise they are the number one and two. China is currently developing more solar energy equipments whereas India is more focussed on developing nuclear energy sources in order to meet their future energy requirements. In short, India and China have significant role in increasing the global energy demand and it is necessary fro them to develop renewable energy sources further.

Quiz 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Quiz 3 - Essay Example The signings comments are used to emphasise important of legislation. For example, a piece of legislation had been passed on the time when it is needed the most, or it serves to solve some pressing problem at the time (Woolley and Peters). The United State emphasis and practise individualism more than collectivism because the former drives people to produce more and thus the economy of the country is always growing. However, collectivism leads to laxity among some individuals who are not willing to work as hard as other people. Therefore, this phenomenon is experienced even in politics where Politician’s and stick to their party ideology. This obstructs opportune moment of collective bargaining and bipartisan legislation. A legislative veto is an administrative law that is passed by a majority of congress to object or nullify an executive order (Cornell University Law School). For example, The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act requires a Congressional veto for it to be effected. The act was published in August 5, 1983 even after it has been found unconstitutional by the Supreme

Marketing Strategy Group Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Strategy Group Project - Assignment Example At this juncture, appropriate hypothesis statements have been structured and the specifications of the most suitable research methodology identified. This section deals with tools and techniques of collecting information. In addition, data organization will be carried out in this section. The questionnaires used in this part aims at measuring the probability that the subject market will respond positively to the business move intended by the company. To measure this construct, it would be appropriate to apply questionnaires that solicit varied opinions from the respondents. Single item scales force respondents into making subjective responses due to lack of choices (Nigel, 2007). Therefore, multi item scales like Likert and constant sum scale will serve the purpose of providing varied responses from the interviewees. Questionnaires of varied types used below all aims at providing information on the level of preference held by the students at Nova campuses. Questionnaire 1 Have you ev er consumed Dunkin Donuts in your life? {yes}{no} (Forced) 2 Would you like Dunkin Donuts Company to establish a food kiosk at your campus? {yes}{no} (Forced) 3 How many times go you buy Dunkin Donuts in a week? {1-2 times}{3-4 times}{4-6 times}{Daily} (Non Forced) 4 At what time of the day would you like to consume the company’s donuts? {Morning}{Afternoon}{Evening} (Closed Ended) 5 Give your opinion concerning the hygienic quality of Dunkin’s donuts? (Open Ended) 6 Dunkin Donuts are delicious and sweet {Strongly Agree}{Agree}{Neutral}{Disagree}{Strongly Disagree} (Likert) 7 Most students would appreciate presence of Dunkin Donuts in the campus {Strongly Agree} {Agree}{Neutral}{Disagree}{Strongly Disagree} (Likert) 8 How would you rate the company’s food provision services? {Very Good}{Good}{Fair}{Poor}{Very Poor} (Likert) 9 Give your opinion concerning the company’s donut prices. Expensive †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Inexpensive (Semantic Differential) 10 Describe the company’s point of sale services. Fast †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Slow (Semantic Differential) 11 Describe the company’s product specifications and characteristics Donut Taste, 30 Donut Quality, 20 Donut shape, 25 Donut colour, 25. Total Points= 100. (Constant Sum Scale) b) Administering Questionnaires In every research process, the success of a research exercises depends on the method used to administer data collection exercise. In a survey exercise, a researcher should choose an appropriate venue and context for administering questionnaires. In this context of Dunkin Donuts, the most appropriate method of administering questionnaires to the students would be in a social gathering, especially during means (Bruce & David, 2011). The researcher would present the students with there questions before or during meal breaks. Administra tion of questionnaires in a leisure and meal breaks allow a researcher to collect objective responses from the respondents. In addition, a researcher should present questionnaires in a relevant environment as this will increase the chances of obtaining honest opinions from the respondents. On the contrary, administration of questionnaires in an informal setting like during meal breaks may present some disadvantages that might affect reliability of the obtained results. Questionnaires require a substantial amount of time to fill and

Chemical Structure Of Fructooligosaccharides

Chemical Structure Of Fructooligosaccharides Introduction Modern people are increasingly interested in their personal health, and expect the foods they eat to be tasty and attractive also healthy and safe. As interest in the link between diet and health gathers pace, many people seek ways to feel well and stay healthy by eating nutritionally foods. Non-digestible carbohydrates such as oligosaccharides, dietary fibers, and resistant starch have various physiologic functions and the promotive effects of many non-digestible carbohydrates on well being, better health and reduction of the risk of diseases have been well examined. Among non-digestible carbohydrates, the functional oligosaccharides present important physicochemical and physiological properties beneficial to the health of consumers, and for this reason, their use as food ingredients has increased rapidly. The functional oligosaccharides are intermediate in nature between simple sugars and polysaccharides and are claimed to behave as dietary fibres and prebiotics. These compounds as non-absorbable food ingredients are microbial food supplements and may benefit the host by selectively stimulating salutary bacteria in the large intestine. The best known functional oligosaccharides include fructooligosaccharide, glucooligosaccharides (GOS), isomalto-oligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides and maltitol. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates that represent one of the major classes of bifidogenic oligosaccharides. They are compounds of a vegetable origin and are found in varying concentrations in many foods such as asparagus, onions, artichokes, garlic, wheat, bananas, tomatoes and honey. Their chemical structure consists of a chain of fructose units with a terminal glucose unit linked by ÃŽÂ ²-(2â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢1) glycosidic bonds, that means they cannot be hydrolysed by human digestive enzymes which are specific for ÃŽÂ ²-glycosidic bonds. The length of the chain ranges from 2- 60. There are three categories of FOS, each of which is structurally distinct: inulin, has a polymerization degree of 2 about 60 monomers of fructose, with an average of 12 units; oligofructose is produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin and is defined as a fraction of oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization lower than 20, although commercial products tend to have a mean value of 9; these FOS are produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin and consists of fructosyl chains of different lengths, with glucose and fructose terminals. Finally, scFOS (short chain fructooligosaccharides) are specifically defined as mixed chains of fructosyl with a glucose terminal unit; they have a maximum of 5 units and are derived from sugar through natural fermentation processes, producing 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and 1-fructosylnystose (GF4) in which the fructosyl units (F) are linked at the ÃŽÂ ²-(2â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢1) position of sucrose (Figure 1). FOS are water-soluble and their sweetness is 0.3-0.6 times that of sucrose, depending on the chemical structure and the degree of polymerization of the oligosaccharide. FOS are highly hygroscopic and their water holding capacity is greater than that of sucros. The viscosity of a FOS solution is higher than that of sucrose at the same concentration because the greater molecular weight of FOS. The enhanced viscosity of the gastrointestinal content may delay the rate of gastric emptying and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Their thermal stability also is greater than of sucrose. FOS are highly stable in the normal range of food pH (4.0-7.0). FOS can substitute sucrose as regards many of its properties, including solubility, freezing and fusion point and crystalline properties. It has been estimated that the caloric value of FOS ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 kcal/g, which represents 40-50% of that of digestible carbohydrates such as sucrose. Fructooligosaccharides have interesting properties: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low sweetness intensity: this property makes them useful for various kinds of foods where the use of sucrose is restricted due to its high sweetness. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Calorie free; i.e., the human body lacks the necessary enzymes to hydrolyze the beta bonds, so that they are not hydrolyzed by the digestive enzymes. Thus, since these substances can not be used as an energy source in the body, they are safe for diabetics and people on slimming diets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-cariogenic, since they are not used by Streptococcus mutans to form the acids and insoluble ÃŽÂ ²-glucans that are the main causes of dental caries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They behave as soluble food fibre from a physiological point of view. They are non-digestible carbohydrates of a vegetable origin that reach to the large intestine, where they can be fermented by the colonic flora to promote the growth of bifidobacteria and prevent the growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The bacterial degradation of FOS occurs in two stages: in the first stage, the monomers are hydrolyzed by bacterial beta-oxidases. In the second, the monomers released ferment anaerobically to produce volatile fat acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, and gases (H2, CO2, CH4). These properties, together with their other beneficial physiological effects (low carcinogenicity, prebiotic effect, improved mineral absorption, and decreased serum cholesterol, phospholipid and triacylglycerol levels) defend the addition of FOS to foods as infant formulas which, in any case, have only very low quantities of these nutrients. Experimental 1 Impact of a jelly containing short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and Sideritis euboea extract on human faecal microbiota. (Mitsou et al., 2009) 1. Materials Methods 1.1 Subjects Sixty-four healthy adult volunteers (26 men and 38 women) aged 22-51 years (mean age: 33 years) enrolled. Elimination criteria were a history of gastrointestinal disease and chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes, hyperlipidemia, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases), a history of extreme dietary behaviors, epileptic seizures, consumption of antibiotics and other medication 2 months prior and during the investigation period. Smoking patterns were recorded prior to the study. 1.2 Feeding regime Placebo food was a commercial dessert (jelly, lemon flavored) in powder form containing 86 g sugar, 10 g gelatin, 2.20 g citric acid, 1 g sodium citrate, 0.5 g flavors and 0.3 g colors per 100 g of product. Experimental functional food (jelly) provided additionally 15 g sc-FOS and 0.9 g S. euboea extract per 100 g of product (respectively, 5 g and 0.3 g per jelly portion daily). Powder from aqueous extract of S. euboea was produced using a spray drier. The sc-FOS tested was Actilight ® 950P, a mixture of FOS comprising 37% 1-kestose (GF2), 53% nystose (GF3) and 10% 1F-ÃŽÂ ²-fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4) (Bà ©ghin Meiji Industries, Neuilly sur Seine, France). Jotis S.A. Food Industry provided both the placebo and experimental food product. The experimental and placebo food were supplied in a powder form (100-g packages) and volunteers were asked to prepare 3 portions of jelly per 100-g package according to manufacturers instructions. Subjects were free to eat one portion of the jelly at any time of day. 1.3 Experimental design Subjects were instructed to preserve their usual diet and fluid intake during the study with the exception of additional prebiotics and probiotic supplements. Volunteers were assessed for restriction of probiotic and prebiotic consumption during a period of two weeksprior to the intervention. One pre-treatment faecal sample was taken before treatment period begun (day 0). During the intervention, subjects were randomly assigned to two groups according to feeding regime (placebo group, sc-FOS+extract group) and consumed, respectively, one portion of placebo or experimental jelly daily for 30 d. Neither the subjects nor the researchers were informed about the type of jelly ingested (doubleblinded). Faecal samples were obtained after 2 weeks (day 15) and 4 weeks (day 30) of the treatment period. Stool sampling took place also at the end of the follow-up period, 2 weeks after the dietary intervention (day 45). 1.4 Gastrointestinal symptoms Gastrointestinal side effects were evaluated during the treatment period (day 1-15 and day 16-30) using a daily questionnaire in which symptoms (i.e. abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence) were marked from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms). The 15-d symptom score (sum of symptom intensity during a 15-d period) was graded as 0 = no symptoms, 1-15 = mild symptoms, 16-30 = moderate symptoms and 31-45 = severe symptoms with possible range for each 15-d symptom score estimated at 0-45 and for total symptom score at 0-135. 1.5 Sample collection Faecal specimens were collected rapidly into sterile plastic containers and transferred under anaerobic conditions (GΆ¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ bag anaer, 45534 Biomà ©rieux ® SA, Marcy-lEtoile, France), to a laboratory for microbiological analysis. 1.6 Bacterial enumeration Approximately 1 g of the specimenwasweighed and diluted in 9-ml pre-reduced peptone physiological saline (PPS), containing 0.1% bacteriological peptone (OXOID Basingstoke, Hamshire, England) and 0.85%NaCl. After homogenization, serial 10-fold dilutions of the homogenateswere performed in PPS under anaerobic environment (BACTRONà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 1.5 Anaerobic Environmental Chamber, SHELLAB, Cornelius, Oregon). Columbia blood agar was used for the enumeration of the total mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic microflora (incubation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 37  °C for 48 h). Enumeration of total coliforms and E. coli was performed on Chromocult ® Coliform agar (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and bacterial counts of enterococci were performed on Slanetz and Bartley medium (LabM Limited, Lancashire, UK) after aerobic incubation at 37  °C for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Rogosa agar (Merck KGaA) and Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobe agar (OXOID), supplemented with 5% (v/v) defibrina ted horse blood and G-N anaerobe selective supplement (OXOID),were used for the enumeration of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. respectively, after anaerobic incubation at 37 °C for 48 h. Clostridium perfringens was enumerated on Perfringens agar (LabM Limited) supplemented with D-cycloserine (400 mg/L) (LabM Limited) after 24-h anaerobic incubation at 37 °C. Finally, Beerens agar was used for the enumeration of Bifidobacterium spp. (anaerobic incubation at 37 °C for 72 h). Bacteria were characterized on the basis of colony appearance, Grams stain, catalase reaction and cell morphology. Since Rogosa and Beerens agars are likely to support growth of non-Lactobacillus and non-Bifidobacterium species respectively one representative isolate from each colony phenotype in these media was further identified to the genus level by molecular methods as described previously. Colony counts were obtained and expressed as a log10 of the colony forming units (CFUs)/g fresh faeces. 1.7 Statistics Bacterial counts between the feeding groups at each sampling time (day 0, 15, 30 and 45) prospectively were compared using repeated measures ANOVA (RM-ANOVA) for parametric and the Friedman test for non-parametric data, after age adjustment and Bonferronis adjustment for multiplicity. Bacterial counts into each group were compared prospectively using paired-samples t test for parametric and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test for non-parametric data. Comparison of colonization levels was based on log10 transformation of viable bacterial counts. Correlations between initial bifidobacterial levels and increases in bifidobacteria counts in sc-FOS+extract group at day 15 and 30 were tested by the Spearman correlation and a linear regression analysis was performed for the best prediction of the dependent variable. Digestive symptom intensity was expressed as a 15-d score (day 1-15 and day 16-30) as well as the number of evacuations, watery stools and diarrheic days. Comparisons between study groups and intragroup analysis were performed by the Friedman test for nonparametric data, after age adjustment and Bonferronis adjustment for multiplicity. The statistical analysis of the results was performed by the software program SPSS ® for Windows Release 11.5 and the significance threshold was set at 5% (P 2. Results Fifty-two volunteers (23 men and 29 women) aged 23-50 years (mean age: 34 years) managed to complete the study. Dropoutwas due to antibiotic consumption during the investigation period. According to randomized design of the study, 23 volunteers ingested the placebo and 29 volunteers consumed the experimental jelly. No significant differences were detected between the placebo and the sc-FOS+extract groups in terms of age (mean age: 33.78 years vs. 34.28 years), sex distribution (10 men and 13 women vs. 13 men and 16 women) or smoking patterns (13 non smokers and 10 smokers vs. 20 non smokers and 9 smokers), respectively. 2.1 Bacterial populations In thewhole study population, no differences in intestinalmicroflora were observed between smokers and non smokers, while genderspecific comparisons revealed higher initial total anaerobe bacterial (9.56 ±0.46 vs. 9.26 ±0.61 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.047) and bifidobacterial levels (8.87 ±1.37 vs. 8.19 ±1.83 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.007) in females than males. Overall, no significant differences were observed in viable counts of aerobes between the two feeding groups (Table 1). A trend towards lower levels of total aerobes at day 30 (8.13 ±0.96 vs. 8.61 ±0.92 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.077), which turned into a significant difference at day 45 was observed in functional food group compared to the placebo. Bacterial levels of total coliforms and E. coli were statistically different between the placebo and sc-FOS+extract groups at day 30, while group-specific analysis revealed higher levels of total coliforms and E. coli only for the placebo regime at day 30 compared to the baseline and day 15. Enterococci counts were not significantly influenced by the ingestion of the functional jelly compared to placebo during the study period. In sc-FOS+extract group, enterococci were significantly decreased after 30 d of ingestion (6.77 ±1.29 vs. 6.29 ±1.24 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.038) compared to the baseline. No significant overall viable counts differences were detected between the study groups in the case of total anaerobe mesophilic microflora, Bacteroides spp., Lactobacillus spp. and C. perfringens (Table 1). Total anaerobes were estimated in comparable densities in the two study groups during the entire research period. Higher levels of total anaerobes were detected in the functional food group at day 15 (9.87 ±0.58 vs. 9.38 ±0.56 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.001) and day 45 (9.66 ±0.62 vs. 9.38 ±0.56 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.015) compared to pre-treatment counts. Bacteroides and lactobacilli did not demonstrate significant differences at any sampling time between the feeding groups. Increased Bacteroides population was detected in sc-FOS+ extract group after 15 d of consumption and two weeks after the end of the nutritional intervention compared to initial counts (8.71 ±0.54 vs. 8.30 ±0.81 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.010 and 8.80 ±0.60 vs. 8.30 ±0.81 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.002, respectively). Ingestion of the experimental food in comparison to placebo was related to a trend for lower levels of C. perfringens at day 15 (4.16 ±1.24 vs. 4.78 ±1.23 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.065). Analysis of bacterial counts demonstrated an overall significant effect of feeding regime in Bifidobacterium spp. levels (Table 1). The enumeration data presented a significant bifidogenic effect of the functional food preparation compared to the placebo after 15 and 30 d of consumption and a non-significant higher level of faecal bifidobacteria in this group 2 weeks after the end of ingestion. Furthermore,faecal bifidobacteria counts were significantly higher at 15 (9.54 ± 0.83 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.002) and 30 d of intervention (9.34 ±1.04 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.027) and two weeks after the treatmentperiod (9.33 ±0.61 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.015) in the sc-FOS+extract group, compared to pre-treatment levels (8.79 ±0.93 log10CFU/g faeces). During the 15 and 30 d of dietary intervention, respectively 24 and 21 cases of healthy volunteers consuming the experimental jelly gave increased bifidobacterial counts, with mean increase being estimated at 1.06 log10CFU/g faeces and 1.14 log10CFU/g faeces for two and four weeks of intervention. Figs. 2 and 3 indicate a correlation between initial levels of bifidobacteria and positive change in these bacterial populations after 15 (R2 = 0.747, P = 0.000) and 30 d (R2 = 0.712, P = 0.000) of functional food consumption. Subjects with lower baseline bifidobacterial counts gave larger increase on ingestion of experimental jelly. 2.2 Gastrointestinal symptoms No significant differences were observed for gastrointestinal symptoms and characteristics of evacuation during the 30 d of dietary intervention (Table 2). During the first two weeks of the study, a trend for greater flatulence score (6.88 ±6.94 vs. 3.57 ±4.72, P = 0.070) was observed in functional food group and five cases of moderate flatulence symptoms were reported in this group instead of none in the control group. Table 1 Faecal bacterial countsa (log10CFU/g faeces) in sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract group (n = 29) and placebo group (n = 23) during the 30-d dietary intervention and 2-week posttreatment period. aAll values are mean ±S.D.; CFU, colony forming units; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. b-fSignificantly different from placebo: bP = 0.042, cP = 0.018, dP = 0.040, eP = 0.001, fP = 0.027; gSignificantly different from baseline (day 0) (P Figure 2. Correlation between the initial levels of bifidobacteria and increase in bifidobacteria after consumption of a jelly containing sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract for 15 d. Bacterial counts are expressed as log10CFU/g faeces; CFU, colony forming units; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. Figure 3. Correlation between the initial levels of bifidobacteria and increase in bifidobacteria after consumption of a jelly containing sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract for 30 d. Bacterial counts are expressed as log10CFU/g faeces; CFU, colony forming units; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. Table 2 Gastrointestinal symptoms and characteristics of evacuations in sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract group (n = 29) and placebo group (n = 23) during the study (0-15 and 16-30 d).a Symptom intensity was graded as 0 = no symptoms, 1-15 = mild symptoms, 16-30 = moderate symptoms and 31-45 = severe symptoms. The possible range for each 15-d symptom score is 0-15 and for total symptom score 0-135. a All values are mean ±S.D.; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. 3. Discussion Results indicated a significant bifidogenic effect of the experimental jelly during the intervention. Differences in levels of total coliforms/E. coli and total aerobes were detected between the two feeding groups at day 30 and 45, respectively. Total anaerobes, lactobacilli, Bacteroides spp. C. perfringens and enterococci were not significantly influenced by the ingestion of the functional food compared to placebo during the study period. The present study demonstrated a strong and selective stimulation of bifidogenesis in healthy volunteers after 2- and 4-week consumption of an experimental jelly compared to the placebo. In our study, high levels of bifidobacteria persisted within the sc-FOS+extract group two weeks after the end of the intervention, a finding that proposes an extended prebiotic effect of sc-FOS. Another results indicated a decrease in total aerobes in sc-FOS+ extract group compared to the control group two weeks after the end of intervention and no significant differences in enterococci counts throughout the entire study period. Previous data from studies that used culture-based enumeration techniques proposed no significant effects of both inulin and oligofructose consumption on total viable counts of aerobes and an unexplained transient increase in aerobic microflora after ingestion of 4 g sc-FOS. A significant difference in enterobacterial counts between the two dietary groups was detected at the cessation of the 30-d intervention, which could be attributed rather to the significant increase of total coliforms and E. coli densities in the control group. Bacterial counts for Enterobacteriaceae were not significantly affected by the ingestion of sc-FOS, such as Actilight and Neosugar. Analysis of digestive symptoms indicated that, compared to placebo, consumption of the experimental functional jelly related only with a trend for greater flatulence during the first two weeks of dietary intervention. A 7-d ingestion of sc-FOS correlated with minor bloating at doses from 2.5-10 g/d and with excess flatus at 20 g/d In general, excess flatus and/or bloating are the most common gastrointestinal symptoms during sc-FOS ingestion, but they are usually characterized as limited and very mild. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the prebiotic potential of a jelly containing sc-FOS and S. euboea extract in healthy volunteers. The product was well-tolerated, with no severe gastrointestinal side effects. Future applications of the experimental food could be focused on people with abnormal intestinal microbiota. Experimental 2 Fructooligosaccharide fortification of selected fruit juice beverages: Effect on the quality characteristics (Renuka et al., 2009) 1. Materials Methods 1.1 Preparation of FOS syrup FOS was produced by the transfructosylation of sucrose using FTase enzyme obtained by submerged fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154 1.2 Preparation of fruit juice beverages Ripe pineapple, mango and orange fruits were procured from the local fruit market. The fruits were washed, peeled, crushed and passed through pulper to obtain pulp. In case of oranges, the fruits were peeled and passed through a screw type juice extractor to obtain orange juice. Based on the initial sucrose content of each of the three fruit pulp/juice, sugar syrups were prepared by mixing 135, 35, and 195 g of sucrose in 5847, 5947, and 5947 g of water for pineapple, mango, and orange fruit juices respectively to achieve uniform sweetness. To each of the sugar syrups prepared, citric acid (18 g), FOS syrup (2000 g) and respective fruit pulp/juice (2000 g) were added. The prepared fruit juice beverages were heated to 90 and hot filled into presterilized bottles and were allowed to cool. Another set of fruit juice beverages containing only sucrose without any added FOS was prepared and used as control. 1.3 Characterization and storage studies of fruit juice beverages Fruit juice beverages were stored at ambient (25  ± 2 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C) and refrigeration (4 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C) temperature for 6 months and were analyzed for colour, changes in the FOS content, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, pH and sensory qualities at regular intervals of 2 months. 1.4 FOS content A known volume of fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant was filtered through 0.45 m cellulose nitrate filter (Millipore India Pvt ltd.) and appropriately diluted with triple distilled water and analyzed by HPLC. 1.5 Sensory evaluation Sensory evaluation was carried out by hedonic scale consisting of 10 points (1-10), where 9-10 = excellent, 7-8 = very good, 5- 6 = good, 3-4 = fair, 1-2 = poor. An internal panel of seven expert members evaluated the products for colour, appearance, taste/flavour, mouth feel and overall acceptability. 2. Results and discussion 2.1. Retention of FOS in the fortified fruit juice beverages Figure. 4 presents retention of FOS in the fortified fruit juice beverages as a function of storage time. At the end of 6 months of storage, a significant amount of FOS was retained in the fruit juice beverages stored at refrigeration temperature in comparison with those stored at ambient temperatures. There was a noticeable change in the acceptable quality characteristics after 4 months storage at ambient temperature. Fruit juice beverages in general are fast moving commodity and generally do not remain unsold for more than 2-4 months. Thus, the present study clearly indicates that fruit juice beverages can successfully be fortified with FOS with existence of 4 months at ambient temperature. Figure 4. Effect of storage period on FOS content (g/100 g) of fruit juice beverages. : Pineapple, : Mango and : Orange juices fortified with FOS. 2.2. Characterization of fruit juice beverages during storage The changes in pH, TSS ( à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Brix), and titratable acidity of the fruit juice beverages, when analyzed using ANOVA were not statistically significant at the 5% level between time zero (initial) and 180 days (6 months) of storage at ambient and refrigeration temperature. The pH of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS was in the range of 3.23-3.57 as against the control (3.30-3.82). Similar observations with respect to the changes in pH as a function of storage time and temperature have been made. TSS ( à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Brix) of the fruit juice beverages varied from 15 to 16 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Brix and was stable throughout the storage period (4 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C 25  ± 2 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C). The stability of the TSS could be due to the heat treatment prior to storage. Titratable acidity of fruit juice beverages varied from 0.23 to 0.35 g citric acid/100 mL juice. The acidity was fairly constant throughout the storage. The fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS have stability over storage and the beverages kept all the good sensorial properties, as compared to control. Results also showed that there was no visible change (Pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0.05) in the colour during storage. 2.3. Sensory evaluation No significant changes were detected in the overall quality of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS in comparison with that of control by the panelists after 4 months of storage at ambient temperature (Table 3). Sensory qualities of the fruit juice beverages stored at ambient and refrigerated temperature was studied on the basis of the consideration that a minimally acceptable product should be equivalent to rating 5 (colour, consistency, taste, flavour and overall quality) of its sensory quality. Fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS were found to be acceptable up to 4 and 6 months based on the evaluation of overall quality at ambient and refrigeration temperature respectively. 3. Conclusion The changes in the present day consumers life style have led to a vital change in the marketing trends of food sector. Todays consumer being more health conscious is seeking products with greater health benefits and there is a great demand for health foods. The present study showed that fruit juice beverages can fortified with FOS with existence of 4 months and 6 months at ambient and refrigeration temperature respectively. There were no undesirable changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS. Overall quality of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS for 4 months of storage at ambient temperature was acceptable as indicated by sensory analysis. Constant pH, TSS, TA and viscosity of fruit juice beverages clearly indicates that there is no spoilage either due to microbial or enzymatic reaction.

My Dream Computer :: essays research papers

My Dream Computer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After perusing the isles amongst isles of desktop computers at CompUSA I found myself drawn to the Sony desktops. SONY is a high quality brand name and has shown me throughout the years that anything and everything they create seems to be a winner. Eventually I decided to get one that was practical in size and powerful enough to handle the most strenuous projects. I ended up decide ding on the Sony VAIO RA834G Minitower. The components in this PC were more than I needed for a price I just couldn’t resist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This particular computer also intrigued me because of its processor. The processor is a common one, an Intel Pentium 4. I like that Sony decided to stick with Intel, since they are an American brand. The exact processor they used is the Intel Pentium 4 3.6Ghz 560J with HT Technology. The Hyper threading technology is very helpful and I’m glad they decided to use it because it really makes multi-tasking even with complex software faster and more efficient and significantly cuts down on the lag. The 3.6 Gigahertz processor is very very fast and can handle even the most multifaceted functions. The bus speed is also very impressive coming out with a total of 800 solid Megahertz’s. This is an extremely fast bus speed considering it only has one successor the 1066 Mhz speed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The motherboard chipset also is made by Intel. It is a well put together chipset that runs very well with the ram chosen for this computer. Sony chose the Intel 915P Express Chipset which runs the PC3200 DDR SDRAM at an harmonious 400 Mhz. I was also very excited that they chose the Double Data Ram as oppose to the normal SDRAM. The computer comes with a 1GB stick of ram, however, I am going to add another stick of Kingston 1Gb ram to max out the ram capacity at 2 gigabytes. And since it’s DDR its going to be running like it has 4GB’s of SDRAM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hard drive is a very hefty one with almost 400 gigabytes of space. However after researching the PC closer I learned that it actually contains two 160GB drives configured with RAID 0. The two drives both run at 7,200 RPM’s which is also pretty good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also picked this computer because it has a long list of card slots that would work perfectly with any type of media I might need to use.

When We Were Kings

â€Å"When We Were Kings† directed by Leon Gast is a documentary about the boxer Muhammad Ali and the culture of African-American people. The music is used as one of the ways to provide information for the audience about what is happening within the film. The music helps the audience establish what it was like back in the 1970’s. It also shows African-American singers and how they are proud of their heritage like BB King and James Brown. The music also functions as a symbol to get information across, for example â€Å"The Succubus. The documentary songs relate to the theme of racial relationships and African-American identity. Setting: The film is set in the 1970’s within Zaire, Africa when Mobutu Sese Seko was in charge. It shows that the village life is very poor and crowded as it was a 2nd world country because it was still developing. There were power struggles e. g. Belgian Congo and also Mobutu was ruthless as he killed 10% of the criminals in Zaire. Even though this was all happening within the country the people of Africa were proud to be African. They showed this through the 3 day musical festival, where they had there traditional singing and dancing. The film shows footages of the African children and women dancing to the beat of the drum in their traditional clothing. During the 1970’s it was an insult to call African-American people African, but when Muhammad Ali came to Africa he saw how African people were proud of their heritage and that Africans and Americans shared similar loves for things like music. Ali then realised he should be glad to be African and apart of this exciting new way of life. The documentary depicts Ali to be the â€Å"Hero† in Zaire as he is seen as someone standing up for the African people. Similarities between Africans and African-Americans: African-American people were seen unequal to white people. Their social status was seen as unworthy and below the standards of white people. The musical performances, from James Brown’s screaming, soul singing and dancing, to B. B. King’s sweat, smooth strumming on the Lucille, inspired both the African’s and American’s who travelled there. The music united and influenced the people within Zaire to watch the fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. Muhammad Ali started to realise that black and white people aren’t much different, they care and love similar things such as education and music, specifically, the drums. The drums provided a sense of communication and rhythm betw een the two different cultures. The drum was the oldest instrument that the Africans used and now the African-American singers like James Brown uses it in his songs. it in his songs. Miriam Makeba – Mama Africa: Throught-out the film Miriam Makeba (Mama Africa) is singing the song â€Å"Am Am Pondo. † This is used to symbolise â€Å"Succubus. † Succubus is a women who has sexual intercourse with men in their sleep, until the tire out. This symbol was used since this is how Ali won agaist Foreman, as he let Foreman hit him until he became exhausted and then he striked with one punched and knocked him out. George Plimpton tells the story of the witch doctor who predicted that a â€Å"women with trembling hands† or a succubus in Zaire would take hold of George foreman and that he would not win the boxing match as the succubus will take all his strength and then bring Ali to victory. The filmmakers illustrate this by having Miriam Makeba perform the succubus. Everytime Foreman was shown on the documenty Miriam Makeba would be singing â€Å"Am Am Pondo† in the backgroud to indicate the Foreman does not belong in Africa and that he will get caught in Africa’s trap or being cursed by a female â€Å"Succubus. African children and women dancing to the beat of the drum in their traditional clothing. During the 1970’s it was an insult to call African-American people African, but when Muhammad Ali came to Africa he saw how African people were proud of their heritage and that Africans and Americans shared similar loves for things like music. Ali then realised he shoul d be glad to be African and apart of this exciting new way of life. The documentary depicts Ali to be the â€Å"Hero† in Zaire as he is seen as someone standing up for the African people. The film is he

Boorstin Critique Essay

Boorstin Critique Essay Boorstin Critique Essay William Smith Modern American History Boorstin Critique 29JAN09 American History has been presented in many forms. Students today often receive it in a textbook format or something of that sort. The writing style and format is usually based on giving facts is succession, thus leaving the reader disconnected from history learning. These textbooks are based on a broad fact timeline; they ignore the smaller revolutions that do not occur on battlefields. The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel Boorstin does something different. It brings the reader into American History and allows him to understand the little things that shaped American life. Boorstin has written an interesting book that allows the reader look at American History in an atypical way. The book’s strengths and weaknesses engaged me in a unique way, compared to the styles presented to me in my previous experience. Boorstin begins the book with a fascinating thesis that ultimately explains his presiding theme. I found this thesis to be interesting because of its unordin ary take on an ordinary theme of history. Many history textbooks simply base their content on each major revolution that occurred in the time period they wish to analyze. Common history books provide a chronology of events that often ignore individuals and community feeling, while focusing on government or majority leaders. Boorstin’s thesis states that he will not be doing this. He takes the ordinary theme of revolution and surprisingly chooses to focus on the smaller, more subtle revolutions that occurred in places that you could find all over America. He argues that the changes that occurred in the country happened in places you would not think to look. This fact provided me with a hook, being that he intended to explain what it felt like to be an American rather than simply providing a timeline. The next step for me was to discover if the evidence was there, and feel history in a different way. Boorstin proves his points in a very persuasive way. He takes a specific idea or theory and gives many examples to prove it or strengthen it. For example, his main theory of American Gos of this include, Rockefeller, G. Stanley Hall, John Dewey,